European Timeline

1. European Timeline 1450-2000

2. Donatello • Father of Renaissance sculpture • Most famous for the bronze statue David the first free-standing nude in Europe since Roman times • Brunelleschi • First major architect of the Italian Renaissance • Designed the church of San Lorenzo

3. Lorenzo Valla • Wrote On Pleasure • Exposed as a forgery the Donation of Constantine • Known as the “father of modern historical criticism • Machiavelli • Most important political writer during the Renaissance • Wrote The Prince, which rejected the traditional Christian view • A ruler must be willing to be ruthless to be successful – “end justifies the mean”

4. Pico della Mirandola • Wrote Oration on the Dignity of Man • Castiglione • Wrote The Book of the Courtier • A gentlemen should be well-rounded, know several languages, be athletic, and polite

5. Leonardo da Vinci • First Italian painter to use oil • Painted Mona Lisa and Last Supper • He dealt with mostly religious themes but in secular manner • Michelangelo • Painter and sculpture • Painted the frescoes on the Sistine Chapel for Pope Julius II • Sculpted Pieta and Moses

6. 1450 • Movable Printing Press • Developed by Johannes Gutenberg • Spread ideas of Renaissance and humanistic literature to the rest of Europe • 1456 Gutenberg Bible

7. 1453 • Charles VII revives France and monarchy • Organized France’s first standing army • By 1453, he had expelled English out of all of France except Calais • Ottomans capture Constantinople

8. 1454 • Peace of LodiFlorence, Milan, and Venice sign alliance to create new order in Northern Italy

9. The Medici • Medici Family • Held power in Florence Italy • Wealth from banking • Height of Florence • Cosimo, dynasty founder • Lorenzo the Magnificent

10. 1469 • Marriage of Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile unites Spain

11. 1479 • Pazzi ConspiracyUnsuccessful attempt in Florence to overthrow the Medici in favor of Pope Sixtus IV

12. 1461-1483 • Louis XI ruled France • Known as the “Spider King” • Promoted new industry, welcomed foreign craftsmen, increased taxes in order to improve military

13. 1485 • The end of the War of the Roses • English Civil War between York house and the Lancaster house • York (white) and Lancaster (Red) • Henry VII become first Tudor monarch – “New monarch”

14. Portuguese Exploration • Prince Henry the Navigator • Established sailing and navigation school at Sagres • Responsible for the growth of the Portugal colonial empire • Bartholomew Diaz - Portuguese sea captain and explorer • In 1487 became the first European to see Cape of Good Hope and to round southern tip of Africa

15. Portuguese Exploration • Helped find southeastern water route to Asia • 1497-9 Vasco da Gama sailed in India • In 1500 Pedro Cabral sent to India but blown off course • Sighted Brazil and claimed it for Portugal

16. 1492 • Ferdinand of Argon and Isabella of Castile married and unified Spain • Reconquista • Expulsion of Moors and Jews from Spainled to economic decline because no middle class • Christopher Columbus went out looking for new route to India, but instead reached the “New World” or the Americas • Financed by Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain

17. Pope Alexander VI • Corrupt Spanish Pope • Aided militarily by his son, Cesare Borgia • Successfully recovered papal authority in the papal lands

18. In Florence the Dominican friar Girolamo Savonarola: • Attacked paganism and moral vice of Florence under Medici rule • Attacked undemocratic government and corruption of Pope Alexander VI

19. 1494 • Treaty of Tordesillas • The new world, or the Americas, was divided by the “line of demarcation” between Spain and Portugal • Decided by Pope Leo VI • Invasion of Italy by King Charles VIII of France • Medici driven from power • French welcomed by Savonarola

20. 1496 • John Cabot • Italian navigator • Explored off the coast of New England, Nova Scotia, and Newfoundland • Gave England claim to North America

21. 1498 • Savonarola hanged and burned at the stake in Florence • (known for his prophecies of civic glory and calls for Christian renewal, led call for establishment of republic when Medicis temporarily overthrown, denounced clerical corruption, despotic rule and the exploitation of the poor; called for “bonfire of the vanities)

22. 1500’s – known as the cinquecentro • 1500-1527 – High Renaissance • 1503-1513 – Julius II is pope – Julius II was responsible for much of the artwork accumulated by the Roman Catholic Church in the Vatican and elsewhere. He commissioned Michelangelo to paint the Sistine Chapel • 1506 – Julius II begins work on Saint Peter’s Basilica • 1509 – Erasmus publishes Praise of Folly – a plea for Christian morality • 1509 – Henry VIII becomes King of England

23. 1512 • 1512 – Lateran Council meets to reform the Church; Start of the Reformation • 1512- Medici overthrow the Republic in Florence

24. 1513 • 1513 – Balboa discovers the Pacific • 1513 – The Prince written by Machiavelli • 1513-1521 – Pope Leo X is pope

25. 1516 – Thomas More publishes Utopia • 1516- Concordat of BolognaEstablished royal control over church appointments • 1517 – Luther posts 95 theses on Wittenberg Castle • 1519-1522 – Charles V commissioned Magellan’s crew circumnavigates the earth • 1519 – Leonardo da Vinci dies • 1519 – Charles V “universal monarch” becomes Holy Roman Emperor • 1520 – Luther publishes Appeal to the Christian Nobility of the German Nation • 1520- Luther is excommunicated by Pope Leo X

26. 1521 • Edict of Worms declared Luther a heretic • Henry VIII writes the Defense of the Seven Sacraments, attacking Luther • Start of the Hapsburg – Valois wars • Diet of Worms called by Charles V, puts Luther on trial – “Here I stand, I cannot do otherwise”

27. 1524-1525 – Peasants revolt in Germany • 1526- Turks defeat the Hungarians at the Battle of Mohács

28. 1527 • Machiavelli dies • Charles V sacks RomeHenry VIII is thus unable to get Pope Clement VII to give him a divorce from Catherine of Aragon – a relative of Charles V • End of Renaissance in Italy

29. 1528 – Castiglione publishes The Book of the Courtier • 1529 – Colloquy of Marburg summoned to unite Protestant opinion – failed

30. 1529 – The Turks besieged Vienna • 1529- Diet of Speyer – Charles V makes Anabaptism punishable by drowning • 1530- Augsburg Confessions – doctrinal basis for Lutheranism • 1531- Formation of the Schmalkaldic Leaguea defensive alliance by the Protestant German princes • 1531- Battle of Kappel – Zwingli killed • 1533 – Henry VIII issues the Act in Restraint of Appeals – King sovereign in England; forbade judicial appeals to the papacy

31. 1534 • Henry VIII issues Act of Submission of the Clergy – required churchmen to submit to the king • Henry VIII issues Act of Supremacy – king supreme head of the Church of England • Henry VIII issues Act of Succession – all subjects must swear oath of loyalty to the king • Rabelais published Gargantua and Pantagruel

32. 1535- Thomas More executed • 1536 – Pilgrimage of Grace – massive multiclass rebellionagainst Henrican religious policies – brutally suppressed • 1536- Ten Articles established the doctrine for the Church of England (basically Lutheran)

33. 1536 – Institutes of Christian Religion published by Calvin • 1540 – Society of Jesus, Jesuits, founded by Ignatius of Loyola • 1541 – John Calvin begins theocracy in Geneva, Switzerland • 1542 – Roman Inquisition • 1542 – Catholic Church publishes Index of Prohibited Books • 1543 – Copernicus publishes On Revolutions of Heavenly Spheres – the year he died to avoid persecution by the Catholic Church

34. 1545-1563 – Council of Trent called by Pope Paul III to suggest reforms of the Catholic Church; End of Reformation • 1547 – Miguel de Cervantes born – author of Don Quixote a story that criticized the Spanish government for their negligence • 1548 – Ignatius Loyola publishes Spiritual Exercises • 1549 – Thomas Cranmer’s Book of Common Prayer published • 1550 – Start of Baroque movement – period of elaborate art, which was present in many Catholic churches and institutions art – Rubens The Horrors of Warmusic - Bach

35. 1550-1700 • This period of time was known as the Baroque Movement • Emotional, exuberant art • Emphasized dramatic, curving forms, elaborate ornamentation, and overall balance of disparate parts • Developed with exceptional vigor in Catholic countries—Spain, Latin America, Austria, southern Germany, & Poland

36. 1555 • Peace of Augsburg(cuius regio, eius religio)

37. 1556 • After the abdication of Charles V, his son Philip II became King of Spain in 1556 • Marriage was only considered a political alliance to him: • Queen Mary I of England • Elisabeth of Valois, the daughter of Henri I of France • Anne, the daughter of emperor Maximilian II • Declared himself the leader of the Counter Reformation • Ignatius Loyola dies

38. 1558 - death of Queen Mary of England The daughter of Henry VIII, Queen Elizabeth I took the throne in England, succeeding her half-sister She was a politique She was the last monarch of the Tudor dynasty

39. 1559 • Act of Uniformity in England: required the use of the Protestant Book of Common Prayer by Thomas Cranmer • Philip II of Spain & Henri II of France signed the Treaty of Cateau-Cambrésis • Henry II killed in joust – Catherine de Medici becomes regent for Francis II • It ended the Habsburg-Valois Wars with Spain as the victor • It ended an era of dynastic wars so both countries could focus on wiping out Protestantism

40. 1560-1660 • This period marked the height of the Great European Witch-Hunt • The vast majority of “witches” were married or widowed women between the ages of fifty and seventy years old. They were usually crippled or bent with age, and with pockmarked skin. • 3,229 witches were executed in southwestern Germany

41. 1562-1598 • The War of Three Henrys was a French civil war for the throne between Henri of Navarre (Huguenot), Henri of Guise (Catholic), and Henri III of Valois (Catholic) Navarre Guise • Henri of Navarre emerged victorious and became Henry IV of France Valois

42. 1571-1630 • Johannes Kepler expanded on the work of his mentor, Tycho Brahe • Three famous laws of planetary motion: • While Copernicus speculated, Kepler proved his ideas mathematically

43. 1564-1642 • Galileo Galilei challenged old ideas about motion • He consolidated the experimental method • Galileo formulated the law of inertia and provided astrological evidence for the Copernican theory • Tried for heresy by the papal Inquisition and forced to recant his views

44. 1572 • The wave of Catholic mob violence against the French Huguenots was known as St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre • It marked a turning point in the War of Three Henrys • Several dozen Huguenot leaders were murdered in Paris

45. 1579 • The Union of Utrecht unified the northern provinces of the Netherlands and formed a Protestant republic • Foundation of the republic of the Seven United Netherlands • Their independence was not formally recognized until the Peace of Westphalia in 1648

46. 1584-1613 • Following the death of Ivan the Terrible, Russia experienced a period of chaos and struggles known as the “Time of Troubles” • In 1613 the nobles elected Michael Romanov, sixteen-year-old grandnephew of Ivan the Terrible, to be the tsar of Russia – because they thought they could manipulate him

47. 1587 • Mary, Queen of Scots was beheaded on charges of plotting against her first cousin, Elizabeth I (“The Babington Plot”) • If Elizabeth were to die childless, the Catholic Mary would have become Queen of England

48. 1588 • The Spanish Armada defeated by the English • The Spanish ironically had called the fleet la felícissima armada—”The most fortunate fleet” • Prevented Philip II from imposing religious unity on Western Europe by force

49. 1598 • The Edict of Nantes ended the War of Three Henrys • Henry IV of France granted the French Huguenots liberty of conscience and worship • The Huguenots were granted 150 places of safety, such as La Rochelle • Its purpose was primarily to end the long-running French wars of religion & restore peace • Prepared the way for French absolutism in the seventeenth century by restoring internal unity

50. 1602 - Chartering of Dutch East India Company – reaped enormous wealth and allowed the Netherlands to dominate the European economy in 1650 • 1603: Death of Elizabeth I and the end of the Tudor dynasty and the start of the Stuarts; end of the northern Renaissance