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PSSA Review

PSSA Review. 2011. Figurative Language. Simile (like or as): She was as happy as a clam. Metaphor (direct comparison): His smile is golden. Personification (human qualities to inanimate): The sun smiled on us. Hyperbole (exaggeration): I could eat a horse.

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PSSA Review

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  1. PSSA Review 2011

  2. Figurative Language Simile (like or as): She was as happy as a clam. Metaphor (direct comparison): His smile is golden. Personification (human qualities to inanimate): The sun smiled on us. Hyperbole (exaggeration): I could eat a horse. Allusion (reference to well-known): “Five score years ago…” Imagery (appeals to the senses): The luscious green grass was freshly cut.

  3. Reading Comprehension: Poetry • Written with a rhythm • Uses figurative language • Evokes emotion • Written in stanzas and lines • Rhyme Scheme: pattern of rhyming lines • Couplet: two rhyming lines • ALL poems are lyric (one speaker/emotional) • Sonnet (14), ballad (story), ode (praise), elegy (mourning)

  4. Reading Comprehension: Drama • Written to be performed by actors on stage • Comedy:to amuse and entertain, happy ending • Tragedy: serious/human suffering, sad ending (death) • Tragic flaw: the trait a hero in the tragedy has that brings them to their downfall (e.g. jealousy, greed, pride). • Divided into: Acts and Scenes • Dialogue: words spoken by characters in the play • Cast of characters: list of character names and descriptions • Stage directions: Instructions for the actors and descriptions of the stage/scenery • [Written in italics.]

  5. Vocabulary • Root: base of a word • root word EVENT + ful = eventful • Un + (root word EXPECTED = unexpected

  6. Affix: syllables added to a root word Prefix: added to the beginning of a word • dis (not) + agree = disagree Suffix: added to the end of a word • joy + ous (full of) = joyous

  7. Vocabulary • Synonym: words with similar meanings • Angry, livid, furious • Brave, intrepid, courageous • Happy… • Small… • Antonym: words with opposite meanings • Brave/Frightened • Happy/Sad • Perfect/

  8. Vocabulary in Context words, sentences, phrases that come before and after a particular word ideas surrounding the word Although it was quite and peaceful in the park, Rosario could hear the vociferous constant hollering of the man in the alleyway.

  9. Context Clues Although it was quite and peaceful in the park, Rosario could hear the vociferous constant hollering of the man in the alleyway. Although = contrast to quiet and peaceful Comma , = change constant hollering = continuous, loud

  10. Practice Because of the boy’s reputation for mendacity, his teacher did not believe his excuse for not handing his report in on time. Underline words that are context clues. marks of punctuation that are context clues. Circle

  11. Idioms Literal meaning: definition Figurative meaning: creative interpretation Idiom: expressions that cannot be understood just by knowing the literal meaning of a word or words. I aced the English test. I got a perfect grade on the English test.

  12. Multiple-Meaning Words • Homonyms: Words that have the same spelling but different meanings. • ProJECT: to stand out • PROject: an assignment • Homophones: words that sound alike but are spelled differently and have different meanings. • Pause: to stop momentarily • Paws: an animals foot

  13. Reading Comprehension: Prose Non-fiction: factual (for real) Explains, argues, describes Biographies, newspapers articles, textbooks (math, language, history, science) Fiction: imaginary Entertain Stories, novels, fairy tales, fables, myths

  14. Fiction Plot (story) Characters (people/animals) Setting (time and place) Theme (message) Point of View (1st person, 3rd person)

  15. Strategy • Identify the kind of literature: Fiction, non-fiction, poetry • Fact or opinion? • To inform or entertain? • Identify the main idea (focus): what is the story about? • Identify the author’s purpose: why are they writing this?

  16. Responding to the Text Generalizations: broad statement (not always factual or true) Key words: Always, never, all People always go to the beach during the summer.

  17. Drawing Conclusions overall opinion based on information/evidence from the passage Marcus squirmed in the metal chair and stifled a yawn. The guest speaker has been lecturing for what seemed like two days. Marcus picked up his pen and began an elaborate doodle in the margins of his paper.

  18. Inference Inferences: determination based on information and evidence from the passage Roger walked up and down his driveway bouncing and bouncing a ball and tossing it at a hoop over his garage door.

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