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U7: WESTERN EXPANSION, PART TWO: NATIVE AMERICANS

U7: WESTERN EXPANSION, PART TWO: NATIVE AMERICANS . Great diversity in Native American societies By 1865, end of Civil War means massive expansion in Midwest/Great plains Generally nomadic hunter-gatherers

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U7: WESTERN EXPANSION, PART TWO: NATIVE AMERICANS

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  1. U7: WESTERN EXPANSION, PART TWO: NATIVE AMERICANS

  2. Great diversity in Native American societies • By 1865, end of Civil War means massive expansion in Midwest/Great plains • Generally nomadic hunter-gatherers • Prior to domestication of horse (16th century), Plains tribes were less dominant; by 19th century, Sioux are powerful obstacle to expansion Spotted Tail, Brule Sioux Medicine Bear (Ma-To-Ican) No Flesh, Brule Sioux A Pawnee Indian

  3. SHARED VALUES & BELIEFS • NOMADIC, SEASONAL MIGRATION • SIOUX: BLACK HILLS, S.D. • DEEP EMPHASIS ON FAMILY • SUBSTANTIALLY MORE GENDER EQUITY THAN IN EUROPEAN/ AMERICAN SOCIETIES • MATRILINEALISM: FAMILY LINES TRACED THROUGH MOTHERS • WOMEN OFTEN HAD SOCIAL/POLITICAL INFLUENCE GREATER THAN IN EUR/AMER. SOCIETIES

  4. “Counting coup,” a coup stick • STEWARDSHIP (CARE FOR LAND) OVER LAND OWNERSHIP • POLYTHEISM (“MANY GODS”) • MOST NATIVE RELIGIONS = VERY ACTIVE, INVOLVED GODS • RITUALS=HELP IN EVERYDAY LIFE • PRESTIGE IS VALUED OVER POSSESSION • INTERTRIBAL REPUTATION IS ESTEEMED OVER MATERIAL “WEALTH” • WAR IS FREQUENT, STYLIZED IN MOST NATIVE SOCIETIES • “COUNTING COUP,” SCALPING The Sun Dance

  5. RANK THE SIX SHARED VALUES AND BELIEFS OF NATIVE AMERICAN SOCIETIES ACCORDING TO THE FOLLOWING CRITERIA: How likely is this value/belief to cause conflict with the U.S. during the frontier period?

  6. AMERICAN POLICIES TOWARDS INDIANS • “CIVILIZE” THE INDIANS • ORIGINALLY FAVORED BY REFORMERS; SAW INDIANS AS REDEEMABLE, “NOBLE SAVAGES” • DESIRE FOR LAND, POST-CIVIL WAR, REDUCED THIS IMPULSE (TOO SLOW, TOO UNLIKELY TO SUCCEED) • SUBDUE BY FORCE • FRUSTRATED BY INDIAN RESISTANCE • 1864--SAND CREEK MASSACRE • 25O INDIANS KILLED BY U.S. TROOPS Maj. John Chivington, Sand Creek Massacre: “Kill all, big and little…nits breed lice.” Black Kettle, Sioux chief at Sand Creek

  7. From Lt. Joseph Cramer to Maj. Edward Wynkoop, Dec. 19, 1864: "This is the first opportunity I have had of writing you since the great Indian Massacre, and for a start, I will acknowledge I am ashamed to own I was in it...After the fight there was a sight I hope I may never see again...Bucks, woman and children, were scalped, fingers cut off to get the rings on them...little children shot, while begging for their lives...I told the Col. I thought it was murder to jump them friendly Indians. He says in reply; Damn any man or men who are in sympathy with them."   From Lt. Silas Soule to Maj. Edward Wynkoop, Dec. 14, 1864: "The massacre lasted six or eight hours...it was hard to see little children on their knees have their brains beat out by men professing to be civilized....They were all scalped, and as high as a half a dozen [scalps] taken from one head. They were all horribly mutilated...You could think it impossible for white men to butcher and mutilate human beings as they did there, but every word I have told you is the truth, which they do not deny...I expect we will have a hell of a time with Indians this winter."

  8. Capt. William (“with 80 men I could ride through the entire Sioux nation”) Fetterman WAR WITH THE SIOUX • 1863: GOLD DISCOVERED IN MONTANA • 1865: GOLD MINERS INVADE SIOUX BLACK HILLS; MILITARY TRIES TO NEGOTIATE WITH SIOUX FOR EMIGRANT ROAD THROUGH BLACK HILLS, S.D. • 1866-1868: “RED CLOUD’S WAR” • 1866: SIOUX CHIEF RED CLOUD KILLS 82 U.S. SOLDIERS AT “FETTERMAN MASSACRE”/”BATTLE OF THE HUNDRED SLAIN” • 1868: TREATY OF FORT LARAMIE; MILITARY POSTS ABANDONED, GREAT SIOUX RESERVATION ESTABLISHED IN BLACK HILLS Red Cloud

  9. WHY MIGHT THE INSCRIPTION ON THIS MEMORIAL MARKER BE CONSIDERED OFFENSIVE TO NATIVE AMERICANS?

  10. RUMORS OF GOLD AGAIN IN 1874 • SIOUX “HOSTILE” LEADERS SITTING BULL, CRAZY HORSE ESTABLISH ALLIANCE B/W CHEYENNE & LAKOTA SIOUX; U.S. GOV’T CONCERNED OVER POSSIBLE UPRISING • JUNE 25, 1876: SIOUX DESTROY GEORGE CUSTER & 7TH CALVARY AT LITTLE BIGHORN/”CUSTER’S LAST STAND”/BATTLE OF THE GREASY GRASS” • VICTORY DOOMS INDIAN NATIONS, AS U.S. DEMANDS REVENGE “Yellowhair,” “Son of the Morningstar,” “General” Custer himself Sioux memorial at Little Bighorn site, WY Crazy Horse (Ta-sunkoWitko), Oglala Sioux 1stpic: 1877, disputed picture of Crazy Horse 2ndpic: drawing from 1934, based on testimony from Crazy Horse’s sister Drawing of the battle by Sioux participant, Kicking Bear Sitting Bull (TatankaIyotake), Hunkpapa Sioux

  11. The news breaks back east…

  12. WHAT WAS IT ABOUT THE BATTLE OF THE LITTLE BIGHORN THAT PARTICULARLY ENRAGED AMERICANS?

  13. BY 1877, MOST “HOSTILES” SURRENDER • BY 1890, MOST SIOUX RELOCATED TO RESERVATIONS • 1890: GHOST DANCE ON WOUNDED KNEE RESERVATION, S.D., REVIVES U.S. FEAR OF UPRISING • WOUNDED KNEE MASSACRE: 190 SIOUX KILLED BY U.S. TROOPS Arapaho Ghost Dance, 1900 Spotted Elk, dead in the snow Soldiers pose with Hotchkiss guns used at Wounded Knee: Famous Battery "E" of the 1st Artillery. These brave men and the Hotchkiss guns that Big Foot's Indians thought were toys, Together with the fighting 7th what's left of Gen. Custer's boys, Sent 200 Indians to that Heaven which the ghost dancer enjoys. This checked the Indian noise, and Gen. Miles with staff Returned to Illinois." Sioux buried in mass grave

  14. SOLUTIONS • RESERVATION SYSTEM • “CIVILIZE”/INTEGRATION (THROUGH INDIAN SCHOOLS) • ACCULTURATION • DAWES ACT, 1887: ELIMINATE TRIBAL SYSTEM/CULTURE, PROMOTE AGRICULTURE AMONG NATIVE AMERICANS RESERVATIONS Indian school, Carlisle, PA

  15. Laguna Indian Reservation, Laguna NM August 25, 2011: New York Stock Exchange NativeOne Institutional Trading, the first American Indian-owned firm to become a member of the New York Stock Exchange, has partnered with Incapital Financial Group to provide financial services to its Native, First Nations and institutional clients.

  16. Crazy Horse Monument, Black Hills, SD

  17. Issue discussion!!! Which means a reaction paper will be due next class!

  18. Name all the things about American culture that you would recommend to a visitor.

  19. Issue Discussion Which is better, Native American culture or (Eurocentric) American culture?

  20. Were Indian “hostiles” noble? Or were they relics of an outdated past?

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