The Industrial Revolution

1. The Industrial Revolution

2. A Revolution in Industry • Industrial Revolution- changeover from making goods by hand to making goods by machine • Industrial Revolution begins in Great Britain- has perfect mix of raw materials, laborers and capital • New Inventions Spur the Revolution • 1733 John Kay invents the flying shuttle-more cloth could be woven in less time • 1764 James Hargreaves invents the spinning jenny-spun thread eight times faster than the old spinning wheel • 1784 Edmund Cartwright perfects the power loom in reaction to surplus of available thread • 1793 Eli Whitney invents the cotton gin- separates the seeds from cotton fibers much faster.

3. Evolution of Factories • James Watt improves the steam engine-factories switch to burning coal to obtain power and can be built anywhere-usually built by towns • Men, women and children(some as young as five) worked in factories during daylight hours for six days a week • Wages tended to be low and when workers did not work they did not get paid • As more people move near factories for jobs towns turn into cities • Interchangeable Parts- product parts all made exactly the same • Mass production- each worker had specific job in assembling product • Assembly Line- automotive industry perfect the mass production system • Wide moving belt carried product to each worker • They attach a standardized part to the product • At the end of the line is the finished product

4. Changes in Transportation • Steamboats-1807 American Robert Fulton runs his boat the Clermont up the Hudson • Clermont is powered by steam-only takes 32 hours • First successful commercial steamboat • Railroads- 1814 George Stephenson of England demonstrates first successful railroad locomotive powered by steam • Soon railroad tracks crisscrossed Europe and the United States • In United States railroads helps settle areas in western territories • Automobiles- 1885 Karl Benz of Germany creates first automobile powered by internal combustion motor • 1885 Gottlieb Daimler of Germany introduces gasoline powered engine • Henry Ford’s perfection of assembly line allows for mass production of automobiles-makes them more affordable • Airplanes- 1903 Two Americans, Orville and Wilbur Wright, make first successful flight • Airplanes brings countries of world closer together.

5. Changes in Agriculture • Inventions • 1701- English farmer Jethro Tull invents the seed drill- plants seed in rows • Tull also invents horse-drawn hoe- breaks up soil between rows of crops • Changes in Land Use • Charles Townshend argued for planting certain crops in the “resting” field which will restore nutrients to soil • Enclosure Movement-landowners fence off large amounts of public land for their own use • Creation of larger fields allows for the use of these new agricultural methods and machinery highly efficient

6. Advancements in Communication • 1830’s- Two Englishmen Charles Wheatstone and William Cooke, along with American F.B. Morse introduce the first telegraph. • 1876- Alexander Graham Bell completes his work on the telephone • 1895- Italian scientist Guglielmo Marconi invents the wireless telegraph • Able to send a message by radio waves across the Atlantic in 1901 • 1909-1912 English inventor John Fleming and American Lee de Forest introduce early models of the radio • By 1920 radio broadcasts were offered regularly • 1923-Russian-born American Vladimir Zworykin invents tubes for broadcasting and receiving pictures through radio waves

7. Changes in Power Sources • Early 1800’s-natural gas begins to be used to provide light and heat in factories-later began to be piped into homes • 1859- Edwin Drake drills the first oil well in United States • Petroleum(oil) becomes an important power and fuel source • 1800- Italian Alessandro Volta creates the first electric battery • 1831- British scientist Michael Farraday moves a magnet outside a wire coil to create an electric current • Leads to invention of the dynamo • 1879-American Thomas A. Edison invents the electric light bulb • 1882-electric generators begin to be used to light city streets in London and New York

8. Efforts at Reform • Reasons for Reform • Workers received low wages for long hours of work • Women were paid half or less than half of what men made • Children, some as young as five, were forced to work in factories • Working condition in factories were often unhealthy and dangerous • Industrial cities tended to be dirty and gloomy • Workers’ homes were close together and poorly constructed • Crime and sickness were at high levels in industrialized cities • Air and water pollution becomes severe as well • 1833-The Factory Acts • Limits the amount of working hours allowed for women and children • Leads to a new pattern of work • Men expected to make most of family income by working outside of home • Woman tended to the daily needs of the family

9. Labor Unions Movement • Unions- organizations of workers in particular occupation or industry • Collective Bargaining-union members elect representatives to present their requests or demands to an employer-if demands are not met workers could go on strike • Blacklisting-employers brand selected workers as undesirable employees • European Unions • 1824- British workers legally allowed to organize unions • Labor Unions in Europe don’t gain power until the late 1800’s • United States Unions • 1869-Knights of Labor is founded-call for 8 hour work days and banning of child labor • 1886- American Federation of Labor(AFL) founded-become most important national labor organization

10. Socialism and Communism • The Socialist Movement • Socialists believed that factories, mines, stores and farms should be owned by the people as a whole rather than by individuals • Socialists want the goods that everyone needed to be produced at prices everyone could afford • Demand that governments serve the needs of all the people and not just those of wealthy landowners and industrialists • The Communist Movement • Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels publish pamphlet titled the Communist Manifesto • Marx blames capitalism for the problems faced by workers • Marx believed workers and capitalists were enemies locked in an endless conflict he referred to as “class struggle” • Marx saw solution to problems caused by capitalism as revolution