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Perception

Perception. Sensation and Perception Psychology, Unit 2. Objectives. Apply perceptual organization to your surroundings Define perceptual constancies Understand how we perceive movement Explain how culture plays a role in perceptual differences. Gestalt Psychologists.

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Perception

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  1. Perception Sensation and Perception Psychology, Unit 2

  2. Objectives • Apply perceptual organization to your surroundings • Define perceptual constancies • Understand how we perceive movement • Explain how culture plays a role in perceptual differences

  3. Gestalt Psychologists • The earliest psychologists to study perception (German) • Believe the brain creates an experience that is more than just the sum of our sensations

  4. Olny srmat poelpe can raed tihs.  I cdnuolt blveiee taht I cluod aulaclty  uesdnatnrd waht I was rdanieg. The phaonmneal pweor of the hmuan mnid, aoccdrnig  to a rscheearch at Cmabrigde Uinervtisy, it deosn't mttaer in waht oredr the ltteers in a wrod are, the olny iprmoatnt tihng is taht the frist and lsat ltteer be in the rghit pclae. The rset can be a taotl mses and you can sitll raed it wouthit a porbelm. Tihs is bcuseae the huamn mnid deos not raed ervey lteter by istlef, but the wrod as a wlohe.

  5. Figure and Ground • F: images perceived to stand apart from the background • G: background against which a figure appears

  6. Find the figure and ground…

  7. 4 Gestalt Principles in Perceptual Organization • Proximity: objects that are close are seen together as opposed to separately • Similarity: similar shapes/objects are grouped together • Closure: we fill in gaps to complete incomplete objects • Continuity: we group separate items together as part of a pattern

  8. Perceptual Constancy • We see things as constant, even when sensation changes • EX: The white house you see is always the same; at night; in daylight; in storms; from any angle • We possess size, shape and color constancy to help us understand our surroundings

  9. Perceiving Distance and Depth • We see in 2D, but perceive in 3D • We determine distance and depth w/ cues • Some cues are monocular (from one eye), others are binocular (from both eyes)

  10. Monocular Cues- 1 eye • Aerial perspective: the more distance, the hazier an object appears • Texture gradient: texture is rounded or smoothed at greater distances • Linear perspective: 2 parallel lines appear to meet at the horizon • Motion parallax: objects close to you seem to move opposite your head; objects far away seem to move the same direction as your head

  11. Aerial Perspective Texture Gradient Linear Perspective

  12. Binocular Cues- 2 eyes • Stereoscopic Vision: combining 2 retinal images makes seeing distance and depth more accurately • Retinal Disparity: eyes are 2 ½” apart so left sees more on left side, right more on right • Convergence: depth cue from muscles of the eye. Close objects cause the muscles to turn the eyes toward each other, and vise versa

  13. Distance of Sound • Works just like eyes • Cues are either monaural or binaural • Distance is judged by loudness, echo, clarity, etc…

  14. Perceiving Movement • 2 types of movement • Real: something truly physically moves • Apparent: an illusion, we perceive movement in a stationary object

  15. 3 Types of Apparent Movement • Autokinetic: a still object appears to move if you have no visual background to compare it to • Stroboscopic: still images appear to move when shown in rapid succession (films) • The phi phenomenon: flashing lights from different distances in the dark makes it appear like there is one constant moving light

  16. Role of Culture and Individual Differences • Perception is a combo of our senses, past experience, and wiring of our brains • Our motivations, values, expectations, cognitive style, experience and culture, and personality shape our perception • Expectations: you see what you expect to see; ex: typos

  17. FINISHED FILES ARE THE RE SULT OF YEARS OF SCIENTI FIC STUDY COMBINED WITH THE EXPERIENCE OF YEARS...

  18. Exit Ticket • Name and illustrate the 4 gestalt principles of perceptual organization • Name and describe the monocular cues • Name and describe the binocular cues • Explain how it is possible that our individual differences and culture can alter our perception.

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