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Poetry: Part I

Poetry: Part I. 16 th century Renaissance- 17 th century Neo-Classism- 18 th -19 th Romanticism -British & American 19 th century Realism. Renaissance. Mid 14 th century in Italy until the mid 17 th century in England

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Poetry: Part I

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  1. Poetry: Part I 16th century Renaissance- 17th century Neo-Classism- 18th-19th Romanticism -British & American 19th century Realism

  2. Renaissance Mid 14th century in Italy until the mid 17th century in England The intellectual and artistic transformations of the 15th and 16th centuries, including the emergence of humanism , Protestant individualism, Copernican astronomy, and the discovery of America. Marked by a new self-confidence in vernacular literatures, a flourishing of lyric poetry, and a revival of such classical forms as epic and pastoral literature.

  3. Sonnet A lyric poem comprising fourteen rhyming lines of equal length: iambic pentameters in English, alexandrines in French, hendecasyllables in Italian. The rhyme schemes of the sonnet follow two basic patterns. Originating in Italy, the sonnet was established by Petrarch in the 14th century as a major form of love poetry, and came to be adopted in Spain, France, and England in the 16th century, and in Germany in the 17th. The standard subject matter of early sonnets was the torments of sexual love (usually within a courtly love convention), but in the 17th century John Donne extended the sonnet's scope to religion, while Milton extended it to politics. Although largely neglected in the 18th century, the sonnet was revived in the 19th by Wordsworth , Keats , and Baudelaire , and is still widely used. Some poets have written connected series of sonnets, known as sonnet sequences or sonnet cycles:

  4. Sonnet 1. The Italian sonnet (also called the Petrarchan sonnet after the most influential of the Italian sonneteers) comprises an 8-line ‘octave’ of two quatrains , rhymed abbaabba, followed by a 6-line ‘sestet’ usually rhymed cdecde or cdcdcd. The transition from octave to sestet usually coincides with a ‘turn’ (Italian, volta) in the argument or mood of the poem. 2. The English sonnet (also called the Shakespearean sonnet after its foremost practitioner) comprises three quatrains and a final couplet, rhyming ababcdcdefefgg. An important variant of this is the Spenserian sonnet (introduced by the Elizabethan poet Edmund Spenser ), which links the three quatrains by rhyme, in the sequence ababbabccdcdee. In either form, the ‘turn’ comes with the final couplet.

  5. William Shakespeare Born in 1564 in Stratford-on-Avon (NW London) -father was a tanner and glover but traded wool and held several civil jobs Educated and likely studied: reading, writing, Latin, classical literature Raised in a middle-class family 1582 married Anne Hathaway, had 3 children but left By 1592 was working in London 37 plays and 154 sonnets Died 1616

  6. William Shakespeare Printed in 1609 and probably dating from the 1590s. Most of them trace the course of the writer's affection for a young man of rank and beauty: the first seventeen urge him to marry to reproduce his beauty, numbers 18 to 126 form a sequence of 108 sonnets. The complete sequence of 154 sonnets was published in 1609, Dedicated ‘To the onlie begetter of these insuing sonnets Mr W.H.’ Mr W.H. has been identified as (among others) William, Lord Herbert (1580–1630), afterwards third earl of Pembroke, or Henry Wriothesley, earl of Southampton (1573–1624), and further as the young man addressed in the sonnets. Other views are that Mr W.H. was an unknown friend of Thorpe who may have procured the manuscript for him, or that W.H. is a printer's error for W.S., Shakespeare's initials. Other characters alluded to in the sequence include a mistress stolen by a friend (40–2), a rival poet (78–80 and 80–6), and a dark lady loved by the author (127–52). The dark lady has been variously identified as Mary Fitton (bap. 1578, d. 1641) or the poet Emilia Lanier, and the rival poet as Christopher Marlowe or George Chapman. But all such identifications are purely speculative.

  7. John Donne 1572-1631 Catholic family of some prominence could not complete degree because of religion Studied at Oxford and maybe Cambridge Sailed with Sir Walter Ralegh to hunt Spanish ships Civil service work but married secretly his bosses daughter and was fired and imprisoned for it- 12 children. The patronage of others provided a place to live a meager living. 1615 became a chaplain and then received a Doctor of Divinity from Cambridge

  8. John Donne Famous preacher Satires and Elegies 1590s The Progress of the Soul 1601 (unfinished satirical epic) Holy Sonnets 1610-1 Songs and Sonnets- unknown date love poems 2 prose works which attacks Catholics 1610-1, Essays in Divinity 1651, Devotions 1624, sermons

  9. Ben Johnson 1572-1637 Playwright, poet, courtier Father-clergyman, stepfather-bricklayer Did not attend university Playwright-comedies Flourished under James 1 and Queen Anne-masques Playwright-more ironic and caustic 1616 The Works of Benjamin Johnson published

  10. Ben Johnson Domesticated the classical tradition Complex interactions in a dense social world Very personal Epigrams, odes, and epistles on everyday life Friendship and acquaintance-to individuals, marriages, birthdays, illnesses, deaths, journeys, manners, books, satires, On a good life and the struggle to live it: good people vs. fools Set up a new aesthetic for successors

  11. Robert Herrick 1591-1674 Father died but family had wealth but only grammar school education Apprenticed to goldsmith left to attend St. John’s College, Cambridge Trinity College BA 1617, MA 1620, ordained 1623 Army chaplain 1627 Dean Prior 1630 Lived in Westminster with Tomasin Parsons (27 yrs younger) may have illegitimate daughter 1648 London published poems 1660 reinstated at Dean Prior Lyric poet: Sex, transience, death subjects but refined

  12. 17th century • 1625-1649 Caroline Age Charles I • 1649-1660 Commonwealth Interregnum (Cromwell) • 1660-1798 NeoClassical Period • NeoClassical: derived from ancient Greek and Roman—Age of Reason: rationality, clarity, restraint, order, and decorum. The rediscovery of Aristotle’s Poetics in 16th century. Style must suit the subject matter; art must instruct; ancients had it right so imitate them. Epic, tragedy, comedy, elegy, ode, epistle, fable, and satire • 1660-1700 Restoration (of monarchy) Age Charles II • Restoration a great period for drama of comedy of manners in a witty or cynical tone, with complex plots, about marriage—criticized for immoral subject matter and blasphemy—praised for social criticism

  13. 17th century • Elevated subject matter: historical/political, battles, mythology or allegory, religion. Nature is for background and can be bettered by man. • 1700-1750 Augustan Age (Queen Anne) Alexander Pope and Jonathan Swift—imitated the Romans, use of epistle and satire, urban literary-on public affairs • 1750-1798 Age of Johnson • 1765-1830 Revolutionary and Early National Period (U.S.A.)

  14. 17th century • Metaphysical Poets • Any poetry about metaphysics: philosophy of knowledge and existence • 17th century English poets • Employed fanciful imagery, paradox about intellectual and theological concepts • John Donne, Andrew Marvell, Abraham Cowley • T.S.Eliot revived them • 1535 Miles Coverdale published the first complete English Bible

  15. John Milton 1608-1674 • Grandfather a Roman Catholic—disinherited his father a Protestant • Studied Christ’s College at Cambridge but became a poet not a minister • Essayist against church hierarchy pro- divorce, con censorship—political rights • Secretary of foreign tongues (official translator) during Cromwell—Latin • 1652 going blind • Restoration imprisoned in Tower of London while his books were burned • intellectual freedom and social reform

  16. John Milton • Epic poet: Paradise Lost, Paradise Regained • Biblically inspired works yet believed religion was a personal journey • Man must search for truth, virtue, ethics • We must be apart of the world even though the world is corrupt • Poetry is a gift from God and so has responsibilities to teach and inspire

  17. Andrew Marvell 1621-1678 • Son of a reverend • Attended Trinity College, Cambridge • Life of leisure, travelled abroad during civil war—tides of government affect • Begins lyric poetry • Father died-needed to work-tutored, even for a ward of Oliver Cromwell • Wrote poetry of the republic and Cromwell • Met Milton and became involved in government

  18. Marvell • Member of parliament, diplomatic work • Political satire poetry • Advocated (pamphlets) religious tolerance • Wrote and spoke out against the monarchy • Uncertain if he ever married and who was heir to his estate • Lyrics in various forms: pastoral dialogues and monologues, religious lyrics, garden poems, erotic love poems • Puns, even rhythm, rhyme • Combines regular couplet rhymes, highly formed, with regular stanzas, with liberal deviation from regular stress patterns

  19. Aphra Behn 1640-1689 • Briefly married, travelled Surinam, spied Holland • Made her living from writing: playwright (comedy), novelist Oroonoko, poet, translator • Political (Tori), social reformer, sexual freedom • Plays about politics, sexual escapades, gender swapping • Poetry pastoral, odes—sexual and political power, female voice • Oroonoko the slave as hero

  20. Anne Bradstreet • Born in Northampton, England, in 1612 or 1613. • Father Thomas Dudley steward of the earl of Lincoln & Puritan • Educated through literacy; avidly read the Bible. • The Bible contains passages critical of kings, a fact that religious dissenters tended to emphasize. • Well-Read: works of Edmund Spenser, Philip Sidney (to whom she wrote an elegy in 1638), Walter Raleigh's History of the World (1614), William Camden's Annals of Queen Elizabeth (1615), and the writings of the French Calvinist Guillaume du Bartas (to whom she wrote a tribute in 1641). • 1630 both the Dudleys and the Bradstreets sailed for America; the journey took them 5 months. • Wrote personal, meditative verses; the major theme was the relationship of the natural world to a distant and domineering creator-god whose ways were ultimately incomprehensible to mortals. • Created literary microcosms based on local topics when momentous historical events were transpiring around them. • Wrote in an isolated, provincial, male-dominated world

  21. Alexander Pope 1688-1744 • Made his living from his writing—published his own poetry, and translations of Homer and Shakespeare • Catholic not allowed education • deformed by skeletal tuberculosis • An Essay on Criticism, An Essay on Man • The Rape of the Lock • Didactic poetry--Learning how to live despite loss, etc • Themes of isolation, importance of friendship • Satire, wit, argument and images, motive and morals, • Use of verse epistles, couplet form, parallelism, chiasmus (inverted word order), zeugma, paradox

  22. William Blake 1757-1827 • Engraver by trade • A Swedenborg—mysticism • Married but no children • Printshop • “I must create a system or be enslaved by another Man’s” • Poetic Sketches, Songs of Innocence, The Book of Thel, Songs of Heaven and Hell, Songs of Experience, America: A Prophecy, • Wrote and engraved/illustrated own works

  23. Blake • Aimed to be prophet and visionary—meant work to be taken literally • Creates own mythic world but mixes real historic figures • Vivid description, mood imagination • Making everyday events mythic inspires people and raises awareness of social and political issues. • Imagery and symbolism • Crazy?

  24. Robert Burns 1759-1796 • Father tenant farmer • Oral tradition or songs which were not fixed but invented and remade or recreated • Wrote in primarily in Scots but also wrote in neoclassical English—mixed Scots with standard English-yet dealt w/effects of nature on the imagination • Idealized the rural poor for the wealthy patrons but provides information, records rural life • Government role and civil liberties • Anti-aristocrat, pro-American Revolution

  25. Burns • Critical of organized Church and government: admired Milton’s Satan • Essays and epistolary works • Simple meter and Excellent with rhymes • Standard Habbie-6 line stanza w/ 2 sets of rhymes and line length • Honest and direct and juxtaposition • Poems, Chiefly in the Scottish Dialect, 3 editions

  26. Romantic Period 1798-1870 • Rejects the imitation of classical work from Neoclassical, rejects rationality • Freedom of individual self-expression: spontaneity, originality, sincerity, emotional, personal experience • Emotional intensity: rapture, nostalgia, horror, melancholy, sentimentality, exotic, dreams • Values of revolution, democracy, and nationalism • Nature primary inspiration and subject • Crosses all disciplines involves philosophy, political revolutions, and lifestyle • Poetry: Romantic lyric: 3 stanzas with 8 lines each • Repetition, Sensory imagery

  27. William Wordsworth 1770-1850 • Parents died by 13 • St. John’s College, Cambridge • Walking tour of France, Alps, Italy • Inspired by French revolution • Began publishing poetry • Settled down with his sister Dorothy • Lyrical Ballads, The Prelude, • 1802 married, 5 children • Deaths of brother and 2 children & Coleridge’s illness • 1813 Stamp distributor, • 1843 Poet Laureate

  28. Wordsworth • “Poetry is the spontaneous overflow of powerful feeling as recollected in moments of tranquility” • Imagination fuses with memory and real life situations—requires quiet reflection • Nature more real, pure, simple, noble, more essentially human • Stresses importance of the feelings of the poet over the subject matter • Preface to Lyrical Ballads—language of the common man, rejects fancy language of pre- • Nature is the muse –shepherd, peasant, beggar • Return to true nature not picturesque

  29. Samuel Taylor Coleridge 1772-1834 • Jesus College, Cambridge • French revolutionary politics, drinking • Southey—Pantisocracy • 1797 met Wordsworths lived and worked together-- blank verse conversation poems • Left for Germany to study • 1800 Lake District—unhappy marriage and love affair with Wordsworth’s sister-in-law • Crippling opium addiction-notebooks dreams meditations • Travelled, separated from wife, Wordsworths, lectures—”organic form” • Addiction and ending of friendships lead to suicide—rebirth/recovery • After poetry collections and a series of essays on criticism: imagination, reason, symbolism, organic form…

  30. 2nd Generation Romantics • Thought Wordsworth was simple and dull and egotistical sublime • Importance of nature, feelings, imagination and self-consciousness but twisted • Take Wordsworth and then branch out

  31. Lord George Gordon Byron 1788-1824 • Aristocrats w/ money issues, father died young • 10 years old title and estates of 5th Baron Byron • Trinity College, Cambridge—debt & affair w/ young man • Travelled & published • Seat in House of Lords—Grand Tour-publishing • Weight issues/clubfoot • 1816 Run out of English due to affairs, legal separation from his wife and alleged incest w/sister other sexual exploits--Italy • 1824 Died defending the Greeks from Ottoman empire

  32. Byron • —”Byronic hero” Villainous heroes, satiric barbs, melancholy, reclusive, seductive, rakish behavor • Favored classical forms-Spenserian stanzas, ottava rima (8 lines stanzas), satire • Radical politics, orientalism, critical of earlier Romanantics • Celebrity poet • Fugitive Pieces Hours of Idleness English Bards and Scotch Reviewers, Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage, Beppo, The Vision of Judgment, Don Juan

  33. Percy Bysshe Shelley 1792-1822 • A real Romantic-life and death: born rich, died young, sexual exploration, died in storm in the Don Juan with Keat’s poetry in his pocket • Aristocrat, expelled from Oxford • Married 16 yr old ag. father’s wishes, 3 yrs left wife and child for 16 yr old Mary Wollstonecraft Godwin • Grand Tour w/ her sister—later met the Byrons stayed in Lake Geneva • Deaths 4 of his children & 1 of Byron’s • Italy: desired a literary community (Byron, Keats)

  34. Shelley • Fluent in Latin, Greek, Italian, Spanish, French • Translated Goethe, Caldeon, Plato, Spinoza • Educated in science and politics: for Irish indpdnc • Challenged Neoclassical ideas and conventions • Humanitarian values, conversion, nature, philosophy, challenges existing mores, values, individual morality • “A Poet therefore would do ill to embody his own conceptions of right wrong which are usually those of his place and time in his poetical creations, which participate in neither.” • Mont Blanc, To a Sky-lark (lyric), A Defense of Poetry, Queen Mab, Prometheus Unbound, Adonais, Hymn to Intellectual Beauty, • Sex, freedom, gothic, ethics and morality

  35. John Keats 1795-1821 • Apothecary apprentice • 1816 began publishing poetry • Met Shelley 1817 and Wordsworth • Lakes, Scotland and Northern Ireland • 1818 the great year • 1819 tuberculosis • 1820 Italy…died in Rome • The Eve of St. Agnes, Ode to Psyche, Ode to a Nightingale, Hyperion

  36. Keats • Explores the physical, sensual world • Sonnet • Negative capability “that is when a man is capable of being in uncertainties mysteries, doubts, without any irritable reaching after fact and reason” • The sympathetic imagination—becoming something else or loosing oneself in..

  37. 19th century move to realism • British publishing after 1825 becomes more centralized • Social mobility becomes possible especially through two English universities • Regionalism: representations of geographically and culturally marginalized places, the poetry Wordsworth and Coleridge wrote in the Lakes offers a paradigm for British poetry following

  38. Robert Browning 1812-1889 • Outside London homeschooled • Lived w/parent • 1846 Married Elizabeth Barrett • “invented” the dramatic monologue • Italy until 1861 (Elizabeth’s death) • London • 1880s Italy • revive history • The power and role of the poet • Rise of novel changes realism and voice

  39. Browning • Modern bridge • Impersonality—not Rs. Subjectivity • Use of common speech

  40. Lord Alfred Tennyson 1809-1892 • Attended Trinity College, Cambridge • 1829 Chancellor's Gold Medal for poetry Timbuctoo Miltonic blank verse • after 1827 every volume Tennyson published appeared in London—British poet • 1830 Poems, Chiefly Lyrical was originally conceived by Tennyson and Hallam • 1850 In Memoriam A.H.H. • 1854 The Charge of the Light Brigade

  41. Tennyson • descriptions of landscape central to his poetry—connects to Romantics • “the power of creating scenery, in keeping with some state of human feeling; so fitted to it as to be the embodied symbol of it.” • a poet of sensation, above all of vision • set his poems in rural landscapes vivid descript • Tennyson did not write his poetry to be heard. • Arthurian legends • poet laureate in 1850

  42. Emily Bronte 1818-48 • Home schooled travelled little • 1842 Brussels study French, German and music • Returned home, never left • 1847 Wuthering Heights • Original for her time • Lyrics • Combines realism and Romanticism

  43. Victorian Age 1837-1901 • Novel dominant literary form • Middle class values • Individual in society-problems adjustments • Well-rounded characters • Hero=rational man & virtuous • Human nature is good • Realism • Emotions • Morality

  44. Christina Rossetti 1830-94 • Parents Italian, raised in London • Reading, writing, religion, volunteer • Very devout-Tractarian (C of E) • Writing poetry at 11 yrs.—published at 18 • Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood—rebel ag. Academy • Elizabeth Browning • Fantasy, ballads, love lyrics, sonnets, and religious poetry

  45. U.S. Civil War • Realism • Reflect real life • Multifaceted people/experience • Grows pessimistic • Local color • Realistic portrayal of regional U.S. dialects, • Harsh realities • Romanticism’ pre-industrial ideals • Naturalism • Environment shapes behaviors and lives • Lower classes moved by animal passions • Individual has little control

  46. Thomas Hardy 1840-1928 • Poet & novelist • Working class parents-determined to educate self and move on • Landscape • 19th c. science, astronomy-powerful observation, geology-time/earth, evolution • Religious skeptic • Tess of the d'Urbervilles (1891)

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