Goat and Sheep Restraint and clinical procedures

1. Goat and Sheep Restraint and clinical procedures Chapter 2, 14 and 15

2. There are two things to aim at in life; first to get what you want, and after that to enjoy it. Only the wisest of mankind has achieved the second.Logan Pearsall Smith

3. Objectives Restraint of sheep and goats Reproduction Nutrition Intravenous catheter, and monitor the catheter for complications. Explain the rationale and indications for each of the clinical procedures described. prepare the patient as needed for the procedure.

4. Sheep restraint • Sheep are timid animals. • do not seem to enjoy being stroked or petted • The usual response is to flee when frightened and they may cause serious injury to themselves in their effort to escape • Sheep have extremely strong flocking instincts

5. Key Points: Sheep • Individual sheep need to be separated from the flock • Another common tendency to avoid is catching them by grabbing the wool • Bruise/rip skin • Grabbing by the horns (when present) must be done with care to avoid breaking them • Note can get fractures by throwing them down

6. Sheep Restraint

7. held by circling the neck with one arm and placing the other arm around the rump • The rear end may also be controlled by placing an arm over the back to grasp the skin fold of the lower flank

8. Many procedures can be done • by simply backing the sheep into a corner, straddling the animal between the handler’s legs, and squeezing the sheep shoulders firmly between the legs. • The head or neck can be controlled in this position

9. Procedures: immobilizing the animal with a technique known as “setting up” -> submissive • examination of the hooves • shearing • vaccination require

10. Setting

11. This method esentially sits the sheep down on its rump: without contact the feet with the ground, the animal cannot struggle and basically becomes submissive to the handler

12. Shepherd’s hook • Hind limb only • Hock and above

13. Lamb restraint • one hand under the body and between the forelimbs to support the sternum • other hand around the neck

14. Castration and tail docking: first to second week of life • dorsal recumbency with its back in the handler’s lap or against the handler’s body.

16. Goat restraining • Goats are gregarious and seem to enjoy the company of other species of animals • Goats form social hierarchy within a group and dominant males and females can be identify • Goats may show aggression • head-butting • by raising the hair on the spine • stamping the front feet • sneezing/snorting noise • Esp. bucks during breeding season

19. Goat Restraint (cont’d) By the beard Horns can be held near the base Do not restrain by ears Lateral recumbency Collars

20. One hand is used to grasp the beard while other arm is placed around the neck to control the head

22. Horns • restrained near their base • Goats resent being held by the ears • owners consider ear restraining to be abusive

23. Neck collars • neck collars or chains • Goats do not tolerate being set up like sheep

24. lap • dehorning • sternal recumbency: folding its front legs beneath it and the handler’s forearms are placed on the back and pressed down to keep the kid for rising

25. Sheep and Goat Reproduction

27. Semen Collection Sheep Electroejaculation Standing or lateral Goats Manual Electroejaculation

28. Artificial Insemination Vaginal Cervical Not very popular In ewe because tortuous cervix Light source and Vaginal speculum Laparoscopic

29. Claire M. Kershaw, Muhammad Khalid, Michael R. McGowan, Kate Ingram, Sukanya Leethongdee, Gabriele Wax, Rex J. ScaramuzziThe anatomy of the sheep cervix and its influence on the transcervical passage of an inseminating pipette into the uterine lumenTheriogenology, Volume 64, Issue 5, 15 September 2005, Pages 1225–1235 Fig. 2. The classification of cervical grade in the ewe (a) grade 1, (b) grade 2, and (c) grade 3. Arrows illustrate the direction and maximum depth of penetration.

30. Embryo Transfer Surgical flushing Can be done 5 to 6 days after estrus Two embryos per recipient female Not as popular as in cattle

31. Polled Intersex Goats: infertility and polled gene linked HH = polled 35% infertility in males Females: pseudo hermaphrodites Hh = polled (H is dominant) Normal hh = horned Normal Small, hard hypoplastic testicles: Homozygous polled

32. Preparation - Parturition Preparation 3-4 weeks before lambing Crutching: shearing wool: udder and mammary glands Facing: shearing wool around eyes Goats: hide their kids hence construct small boxes Vaccination and deworming: Clostridium diseases (vaccines) Vaccine: Type CD - T toxoid: vaccinate ewes 1 month before lambing and 6, 10 wks lambs Enterotoxemia (Type D) (Overeating Disease/ pulpy kidney disease) - Clostridium perfringins type D Hemorrhagic enteritis, bloody scours - Clostridium perfringins type C Tetanus - Clostridium tetani : vaccinate ewes 1 month before lambing/ tx with antitoxin during castration and tail docking

33. Crutched eweImage by Kelly Cole

34. Clinical Signs of Impending Parturition • Ewes are moved to “jugs”: lambing pens • Swelling of the vulva • Mucoid vulvar discharge • Relaxation of the pelvic ligaments • Enlargement of the udder

35. Parturition Stage 1 Ewes: 1 to 4 hours Does: up to 12 hours Restless Separation from herd in sheep Nesting in goats Stage 2 1 to 2 hours Minutes to hours between neonates Assistance needed if contractions without fetus in 30 minutes to 1 hour Stage 3 2 to 6 hours Assistance after 12 hours

36. Dystocia Common in sheep Uncommon in goats Mutation via traction Fetotomy C-section

37. Neonatal Care Oxygenation/pulse assessment 20 breaths/ min and resuscitate in 20-30 sec. 90 – 150 bpm. Temperature regulation: prone to hypothermia first 36 hours of life Heat lamps Warm if less than 100 degree F Care of the umbilical cord and umbilicus Chlorhexidine/ iodine

38. Neonatal Care Nutrition (nursing) Stand in 10 – 15 min Nurse by 1 – 2 hr. after birth Bonding of doe/ewe with kid/lamb: 6-12 hr. Passage of meconium: in 24 hr. Adequacy of passive transfer of Antibodies 10 – 15% body weight in colostrum in 24 hr. Physical examination of the calf

39. Neonatal Care Sick Neonate: weakness, depression Starvation Less calories, hypothermia, prenatal or postnatal infections Feeding bottle or tube feeding: 8 french red urethral tube or 14F – 18F infant feeding tube with 60 ml catheter tip, ororumen tubes Diarrhea Escheria coli, Clostridium perfringes type C Hypothermia: < 100⁰ F Hypoglycemia: electrolytes and glucose, SQ fluids

40. Sheep and Goat Dentition Know table 14 – 5: Eruptions

41. Nutrition • Water: ab libitum • Adults: 1 – 1.5 gallons/day • Young: 0.5 gallons/day • Pregnancy • Extra feed before lambing: 0.5-1.0 lb (per fetus) grain/day and high quality hay • Lactating • High quality hay and grain • Lambs and kids • Creep feeding: introduce young lambs to solids (sweet feed) ~ 2 wks. Age

42. Nutrition - Minerals • 10 g salt/day; Ca (high quality roughage) needed for Zn • Limestone in diet • Phosphorous: soil • Deficiency: lactating animal – milk production decreases, bones – fragile, inappetance; young: slow growth and poor appetite • Iodine, cobalt • Deficiency: anemia, inappetance, retarded growth, rough hair growth • sheep – 5mg/kg copper • Deficiency: anemia, brittle/ fragile bones, loss of wool/ pigment • Toxicity: acute - hemorrhagic diarrhea, chronic – liver/kidney failure • Selenium • Deficiency: muscular dystrophy, white muscle disease – lambs, periodontal disease – molars • Toxicity: loss of appetite, loss of hair, sloughing hooves and death • Zinc: needed for healthy testes • Deficiency: wool slipping, swelling and lesions: eye and hoof, ptyalism, anorexia, wool eating, listless, anorexia, repro problems and low production

43. Body Condition Score

44. Key Terms – Chapter 15 • Balling gun • Cystocentesis • Gluteal muscles • Hoof knives • Intramammary infusion • Lateral cervical muscles • Sigmoid flexture • Trimming shears • Urethral diverticulum • KNOW table 15-1 and 15-2: CBC • Know 15-3 and 15-4: chemscreen

45. Weighting a goat

46. Ovine Venipuncture Jugular vein (most common) Performed while the sheep is set or standing Cephalic Performed while the sheep is set Femoral Performed in lateral recumbency

47. Ovine Venipuncture (cont’d) Procedure Wool is parted Alcohol applied Firm occlusion of the vein Needle sizes 18-, 19-, 20-, or 22-gauge × 1 to 1 1/2 -inch

49. One person restrains the sheep by straddling the shoulders and holding the head, while the other person obtains a jugular vein sample.

50. Ovine Venipuncture (cont’d)