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First Coordination Meeting of Regional Air Quality Initiatives and Programs in Asia

First Coordination Meeting of Regional Air Quality Initiatives and Programs in Asia. Cornie Huizenga, CAI-Asia Secretariat. Grand Sheraton 16 June, 2004 Bangkok, Thailand. Overview of Presentation. Background and Objectives of the meeting

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First Coordination Meeting of Regional Air Quality Initiatives and Programs in Asia

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  1. First Coordination Meeting of Regional Air Quality Initiatives and Programs in Asia Cornie Huizenga, CAI-Asia Secretariat Grand Sheraton 16 June, 2004 Bangkok, Thailand

  2. Overview of Presentation Background and Objectives of the meeting Review of status quo of Air Quality Management in Asia Priorities for Air Quality Management in Asia How to strengthen coordination and cooperation among regional programs and initiatives on AQM in Asia

  3. Part 1 Background and Objectives of the meeting

  4. Objectives & Background Background • CAI-Asia promotes sharing of experiences and building of partnerships. • CAI-Asia has informally or formally been cooperating with several of the regional programs and organizations present is, or invited to, the meeting • After having established the CAI-Asia, the website (http://www.cleanair.org/caiasia) and other activities the time has come to focus more on active regional networking and (joint) policy development

  5. Objectives & Background Objectives • To share and discuss CAI-Asia’s views on status of AQM in Asia • To share and discuss approaches adopted by regional programs and initiatives in AQM related activities • To share and discuss regional AQM priorities for Asia • To discuss strengthening of Coordination and Cooperation among AQM programs and Initiatives in Asia

  6. Part 2 Review of Status of AQM in Asia

  7. AQM Status Asia Approach in describing Air Quality Management Status • Drivers: trends with respect to factors contributing to increase/decrease in emissions • Pressure:trends with respect to emissions from different sources • State:trends with respect to concentrations of pollutants in the atmosphere • Impact: trends with respect to health, environmental and economic impacts • Response:trends with respect to the development of capacity to manage air quality

  8. AQM Status Asia: drivers Urbanization Source: United Nations, World Urbanization Prospects, The 1999 Revision.

  9. AQM Status Asia: drivers Population growth 1600.0 1400.0 1200.0 East Asia 1000.0 population Southeast Asia 800.0 600.0 South Asia 400.0 200.0 0.0 1980 1990 2000 2002 More than One billion extra in 20 years

  10. AQM Status Asia: drivers 600 600 500 500 400 400 300 300 Vehicle Population (millions) Vehicle Population (millions) U.S. Current Level U.S. Current Level 200 200 100 100 0 0 1995 1995 2000 2000 2005 2005 2010 2010 2015 2015 2020 2020 2025 2025 2030 2030 Motorization Vehicle growth scenario China Source: ADB 2002. Policy Guidelines to Reduce Vehicle Emissions Source: Dongquan He, Energy Foundation 2004

  11. AQM Status Asia: drivers Energy consumption 3000.0 2500.0 2000.0 Total Asia Pacific China MTOE 1500.0 India Japan 1000.0 500.0 - 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2002 Source: BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2003

  12. AQM Status Asia: Pressure 4000 3500 3000 2500 2000 miilion tons C eq 1500 1000 500 0     Other Asia 1990 1998 1999 2005 2010 2015 2020     South Korea     India     China     Australasia     Japan CO2 emissions Asia: Per capita CO2 Emissions 0.4 0.3 Metric Tons of Carbon 0.2 0.1 0.0 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 1950 CO2 emissions 1980 – 2020 Source: http://cdiac.ornl.gov/trends/emis/tre_fea.htm Source: IEA, 2002

  13. AQM Status Asia: Pressure Technology Changes Energy switch e.g Coal to natural gas has contributed to lowering SO2 emissions in urban areas in China. Removal of lead from gasoline has drastically reduced lead being emitted per vehicle Source: BAQ 2002 Source: Wangwongwatana, BAQ 2002 Although there is strong growth in motorization, the introduction of cleaner engines and fuels has slowed down the overall growth in emissions and there is considerable potential to slow down the increase in emissions from transport even further Source: CAI-Asia statistics 2004

  14. AQM Status Asia: Pressure Local versus trans-boundary generated pollution Air quality over Bangladesh on October 23, 2001 (left) and December 4, 2001 Part of China’s sulphur emissions are deposited within China, a substantial amount is deposited in Korea (24%) and Japan (38%) Source: Alles, Davis 2004 http://fire.biol.wwu.edu/trent/alles/AirPollution.pdf Source: Draft Results BURGEAP study for China National Environment Monitoring Center (CNEMC) financed by French FASEP

  15. AQM Status Asia: State Air quality levels 2000-2001 400 350 300 250 Level 0 Pre-problem 200 concentration in µg/m 3 Level 1 Moderate & Increasing 150 100 Level 2 High & Stable 50 0 Level 3 Medium & Decreasing 3 3 2 2 3 2 2 2 2 2 3 2 4 3 2 3 Seoul Pune Tokyo Busan Manila Osaka Jakarta Kolkata Bangkok Mumbai Colombo Shanghai New Delhi Singapore Hong Kong Chongqing level 4 Low & Stable SPM Limit = 90 µg/m3 (WHO, 1979) SO2 Limit = 50 µg/m3 (WHO, 1999) SPM SO2 NO2 Limit = 40 µg/m3 (WHO, 1999) PM10 Limit = 50 µg/m3 (USEPA, 1997) PM10 NO2 Source: Information collected from national and local government agencies through CAI-Asia network, 2003, detailed sources available from CAI-Asia Secretariat

  16. AQM Status Asia: State Observations on state of air quality • Several cities have recorded improvements in air quality on annual basis, e.g. Bangkok, but these cities continue to surpass short-term standards on a regular basis • It is hard to describe State of air quality in Asian cities due to paucity of available data • If pollutants are not measured e.g. Ozone or fine particulate they can not be assessed. It does not mean that the problem is not there • Different cities and countries use different scales to define air quality, which makes comparison difficult • Information presented in previous slide can NOT be used to rank air quality among Asian cities

  17. 0.7 0.7 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.62 0.62 0.4 0.4 0.46 0.46 0.5 0.5 Percent Increase Percent Increase 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 0 0 US (90 Cities)* US (90 Cities)* Eur (21 Eur (21 Asia (6 Asia (6 Studies)* Studies)* Studies) Studies) AQM Status Asia: Impact Health Effects and Health Costs Exposure Risks Exposure Risks Health Effects Number of Premature Deaths Risks Risks Global Global Asian Asian Estimate Estimate Estimate Estimate Unsafe Unsafe 1,730,000 1,730,000 730,000 730,000 Water Water Urban Urban 799,000 799,000 487,000 487,000 Outdoor Air Outdoor Air Indoor Air Indoor Air 1,619,000 1,619,000 1,025,000 1,025,000 Source: WHO, 2002 Source: Greenbaum and O’Keefe, BAQ 2003 Health Costs Health Costs (per year) (per year) Manila US$392M Manila US$392M • • Shanghai US$880M Shanghai US$880M • • Bangkok US$424M Bangkok US$424M • • India US$14 to $ 191.6M India US$14 to $ 191.6M • • Jakarta US$ 100 M Jakarta US$ 100 M • • Source: ADB 2002. Policy Guidelines on Reducing Vehicle Emissions

  18. Review Both city profile and questionnaire to be reviewed by air quality experts in the city Overall review panel (e.g. WHO, World Bank and ADB, etc) AQM Status Asia: Response Cities covered in Benchmarking Study Bangkok Beijing Busan Colombo Dhaka Hanoi Hong Kong Ho Chi Minh Jakarta Karachi Kathmandu Manila Mumbai New Delhi Kolkata Osaka Seoul Shanghai Surabaya Singapore Taipei Tokyo Yogyakarta 1. Air quality measurement capacity 2. Data assessment and availability 3. Emissions estimates 4. Management enabling capabilities Benchmarking of AQM capacity AQMQuestionnaire • AQM Profile • 15-20 page document: • general information • description of pollution sources • Air Quality Data • Impacts of air pollution • Policies, Programs and Projects • Conclusions

  19. AQM Status Asia: Response Air quality measurement capability Draft Draft Draft Status of AQ monitoring in Asia • Only in few cases are monitoring stations linked in a network • Routine regulatory monitoring generally does not (yet) include ozone and PM 2.5 • QA/QC programs are not institutionalized in most cases • Routine regulatory monitoring generally does not (yet) include ozone and PM 2.5 Source: Benchmarking Study Urban Air Quality Management and Practice in Major and Mega Cities of Asia – Stage 2 (draft)

  20. AQM Status Asia: Response Data Assessment and Availability • A number of cities have APIs, but not all publish AQ information on a regular basis. API’s in most cases do not include pollutants of concern such as PM10 or Ozone. • There is no study on the effectiveness of API as a communication tool • Whether people look at it; or • Whether people understand it • Cities with API do not appear to use API as management tool, e.g. issue air quality alerts • Comprehensive overview of air quality in Asia is not available. CAI-Asia is facing difficulties in obtaining information

  21. AQM Status Asia: Response Draft, Draft, Draft Emissions estimates • Many cities have initiated development of Emission Inventories • BUT • Level of detail/ disaggregation varies greatly • Reliability of activity data on which inventories are based and Emission factors used is questionable for many of the cities • Inventories in many of the cases were conducted by outside groups: academe or consulting firms • CAUTION • in formulating AQM policies based on current Emission Inventories Source: Benchmarking Study Urban Air Quality Management and Practice in Major and Mega Cities of Asia – Stage 2 (draft)

  22. AQM Status Asia: Response Draft, Draft, Draft AQM management capacity Stage 5 – Low and decreasing levels of air pollution; routine review and updates in legislation, monitoring, policies and strong focus on air pollution prevention Tokyo, Singapore, Osaka, Seoul Stage 4 – Moderate and decreasing levels of air pollution; continuous monitoring, full fledged policies and control measures, emerging focus on air pollution prevention Bangkok, Hong Kong, Shanghai, Busan Beijing, Mumbai, Kolkata, Delhi, Taipei Stage 3 – High but decreasing levels of air pollution; manual and continuous monitoring, comprehensive legislation and AQM Action Plans Colombo, Dhaka, HCM City, Hanoi, Jakarta, Kathmandu, Manila, Yogyakarta Stage 2 – High but stabilizing levels of air pollution; ad-hoc legislation, start of monitoring, tail-pipe/ stack emissions control Stage 1 – Moderate and increasing levels of air pollution; ad-hoc monitoring and ad-hoc control measures Karachi, Surabaya Stage 0 – Pre-problem stage; no or very basic AQM Classification according to stages is based on AQ capability questionnaire, AQ levels and City profile. Source: Benchmarking Study Urban Air Quality Management and Practice in Major and Mega Cities of Asia – Stage 2 (draft)

  23. Part 3 Priorities for AQM in Asia

  24. Priorities for AQM in Asia Potential Priority Areas • Comprehensive Approach to air quality management • Impact assessment of air pollution • Roll-out air quality management to more cities • (New) pollutants of concern: PM, Ozone, VOCs and heavy metals • Increased emphasis on prevention of pollution rather than managing the tail-pipe and the stack-pipe • Integrate local air quality management with trans-boundary air quality management • Integrate local air quality management with GHG abatement • Funding for AQM

  25. Priorities for AQM in Asia Comprehensive approach to AQM 1. Air quality measurement • Benchmarking study: comprehensive approach to AQM, over time, gives the best results • QA/QC THE priority in AQ monitoring • Continuous monitoring • Access to information (detailed AQ data) to mobilize support and funding for AQM • Emissions inventories the weakest link in AQM in Asia • Management strategies need to address mobile, stationary and area sources • More institutional capacity/budget to implement AQM policies 2. Data assessment/ availability 3. Emissions estimates 4.Management strategies

  26. Priorities for AQM in Asia Impact assessment of Air Pollution in Asia • PAPA project fills important gap, but: • Need for increased capacity to assess health impacts in Asia: exposure analysis, vulnerability of special groups (poor, children, elderly) • Capacity to be more evenly spread across Asia • Indigenize the capacity to carry out health impact research further • More detailed health and air pollution data • Make a start with more substantial work on impact assessment of air pollution on environment (climate and crop growth rates, buildings) • Improve quality of economic impact analysis of air pollution and do them on a routine basis

  27. Priorities for AQM in Asia Roll-out of AQM to more cities • Asia has about 5000 cities with more than 100.000 inhabitants. In many of the countries in Asia AQM is limited to 5-10 cities. • National governments will need to focus more on legislation, capacity building and oversight and delegate responsibility for actual implementation of AQM to lower administrative levels • Capacity building program required for secondary cities • Do secondary cities need modified version of comprehensive AQM systems ?

  28. Priorities for AQM in Asia (new) pollutants of concern PM, Ozone, VOCs and heavy metals • Fine PM (PM10, , PM 2.5) and ultra-fine particulate major health risk. WHO indicates no safe levels. Should Asian countries have PM standards? • PM monitoring to be improved and more targeted PM reduction strategies to be improved • Relative importance of PM in API’s to be reconsidered • Increase in motorization in Asia sharpens the need to have standards for Ozone, monitor it and control it. • Few countries in Asia monitor VOCs and heavy metals

  29. Priorities for AQM in Asia Prevention of pollution and tail-stack pipe solutions Mobile Sources of Pollution • Increase in drivers of air pollution in Asia makes it unlikely that tail and stack-pipe control can manage air pollution • Fuel switching and larger share of renewable energy sources • Relocation of pollution from population sources • Public transport • Better Land-use planning Change Modal Split through Land-use Planning, Transport Planning and Travel Demand Management Emissions Standards (technology) • Make optimal use of cleaner technology in stationary and mobile sources of pollution • Cleaner fuels and engines • Better maintenance Inspection & Maintenance Clean Fuels

  30. Priorities for AQM in Asia Integration of local AQM with trans-boundary AQM • AQM strategies usually do not take account of the contribution made by pollution originating from outside. • Local AQ monitoring systems and trans-boundary AQ monitoring systems to be integrated • Emission inventories and source apportionment studies to reflect what part of pollution is from local origin and what is “imported” • Where substantive “imports” occur joint strategies to be developed with areas where pollution originates (Example of the Pearl Delta) • Overall trans-boundary air pollution underscores the need for harmonized approaches to AQM and need for regional cooperation

  31. Priorities for AQM in Asia Integration of local AQM with GHG abatement • Air pollution and Greenhouse gasses share many “drivers” population growth, urbanization, energy use, motorization. It makes sense therefore to develop joint strategies. • Co-benefits of local air pollution control and GHG abatement till now not well documented. Knowledge management to be improved. • Air pollution community and GHG community need to improve communication. Revise organizational structures. • More joint pilot projects.

  32. Priorities for AQM in Asia Funding Justification for additional funding Health Costs (per year) • Expansion of AQ management (quantity and quality) will require substantive funding. • Air Quality management is relatively under funded compared to water quality management and other urban services • Funding of AQM needs to be made less dependent on donor funding • Alternative funding sources such as GEF to be explored • Polluters (stationary – mobile) need to increase funding to prevent/control pollution • Awareness raising that money spent on AQM is money well spent • Manila US$392M • Shanghai US$880M • Bangkok US$424M • India US$14 to $ 191.6M • Jakarta US$ 100 M Air pollution prevention in mobile sectorthrough improved maintenance has very good returns because of reduced fuel consumption and reduced breakdowns Air pollution prevention in stationary sectorcleaner production, reduced fuel consumption and reduced breakdowns

  33. Part 4 How to strengthen Coordination and Cooperation among AQM programs and Initiatives in Asia

  34. AQM Coordination and Cooperation in Asia Initiatives and organizations with AQM portfolio Status of AQ monitoring in Asia Source: Draft Results CAI-Asia Survey AQM initiatives and Programs, 2004

  35. AQM Coordination and Cooperation in Asia Bangladesh Regional 2% 21% India 13% Viet Nam Indonesia 4% 6% Korea, Republic Thailand 1% 3% Sri Lanka Mongolia 1% 3% Singapore Malaysia 1% 3% Myanmar 1% Nepal 1% Pakistan China, PR Philippines 1% 32% 7% - AQM Projects by country -

  36. AQM Coordination and Cooperation in Asia AQM Projects by type 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Ambient Air Monitoring Mobile Sources Stationary Sources GHG Abatement Indoor Air Pollution Transboundary Air Pollution Note: One Project can have multiple objectives

  37. AQM Coordination and Cooperation in Asia Breakdown Mobile Source Projects by sub-objective Note: One Project can have multiple sub-objectives

  38. AQM Coordination and Cooperation in Asia AQM Projects by Component 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 Policy/ Strategies Development Data Gathering and Analysis Awareness Raising Capacity Building Equipment Support Note: One Project can have multiple components

  39. AQM Coordination and Cooperation in Asia Collective Knowledge base • No established data-base of programs and projects – duplication of efforts • Programs and Projects have produced substantive body of knowledge yet results are not well documented and not shared beyond groups directly involved in project implementation • No joint agenda which documents type of programs and projects that will be required

  40. AQM Coordination and Cooperation in Asia Integration external funded projects with regular AQM efforts • Results from special projects until now are not fully utilized in the formulation of AQ management policies and practices • Methodology and technology of special AQ data projects is often more advanced than regular AQ monitoring programs • Transfer of skills from special projects to regulatory agencies is limited

  41. AQM Coordination and Cooperation in Asia -CAI-Asia- • The Clean Air Initiative promotes and demonstrates innovative ways to improve the air quality of Asian Cities through sharing experiences and building partnership • Sharing knowledge and experiences on air quality management • Capacity building • Improving policy and regulatory frameworks at the regional level • Assisting cities in formulating and implementing integrated air quality management systems • Piloting projects to encourage innovation “Create an Air Quality Management Community in Asia”

  42. AQM Coordination and Cooperation in Asia CAI-Asia Membership CITIES Bangkok,Thailand Chiang Mai,Thailand Chengdu,PRC Chittagong,Bangladesh Chongqing,PRC Colombo,Sri Lanka Dhaka, Bangladesh Guangzhou,PRC Haiphong, Viet Nam Hangzhou,PRC Hanoi,Viet Nam Harbin,PRC Ho Chi Minh City,Viet Nam Hong Kong, SAR, China Hyderabad, India Islamabad,Pakistan Kathmandu,Nepal Lahore, Pakistan Makati,Philippines Metro Manila, Philippines Mumbai, India Naga,Philippines Phnom Penh,Cambodia Pune, India Singapore, (NEA) Surabaya,Indonesia Tianjin,PRC Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia Yogyakarta,Indonesia NGAs Andhra Pradesh Pollution Control Board, India Australia Department of Environment and Heritage Balochistan EPA, Pakistan Central Pollution Control Board, India Department of Environment, Bangladesh Department of Forests, Ecology and Env’t, Karnataka State, India Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Philippines Department of Energy, Philippines Department of Transportation and Communications, Philippines Dhaka Transport Coordination Board, Bangladesh Environmental Protection Agency Karachi, Pakistan Ministry of Environment, Cambodia Ministry of Environment, Indonesia Ministry of Public Works and Transport, Cambodia Ministry of Road Transport and Highways, India Pollution Control Department, Thailand State Environmental Protection Administration (PRC focal point) Viet Nam Register, Viet Nam • 50 NGOs and Academic Institutions in the Region DEVELOPMENT AGENCIES Asian Development Bank Australian Department for Environment and Heritage German Agency for Technical Cooperation The William and Flora Hewlett Foundation United States-Asia Environmental Partnership Sida World Bank FULL PRIVATE SECTOR Member Ford Motor Shell Company ASSOCIATE PRIVATE SECTORMember AVL Corning ETI ACFA DEKRA ESP Cerulean EMITEC IPIECA MAHA SGS

  43. AQM Coordination and Cooperation in Asia What does CAI-Asia bring to the table ? Knowledge Management • cleanairnet.org/caiasia • CAI-Asia Listserv • Benchmarking Study • AQM Best Practices Capacity Building • CATNet Asia • Distance learning course • Special Training Courses Regional Policy and Standards • Strategic Framework for AQM in Asia • CAI-Asia Oil Industry Dialogue • Priority Agenda for AQM in Asia Integrated Air Quality Strategies • Country and City based AQM strategies • Country and city based local networks Pilot Projects • PAPA Project • Poverty and Air Pollution • Diesel • Emission Factor Development • PSUTA (sustainable transport) • Fuel additives Workshops • BAQ 2002 • BAQ 2003 • BAQ 2004 • Sustainable Transport, Vietnam • Sustainable Urban Dev., Shanghai • Heating, Ulaanbaatar • Clean Air Congress, London

  44. AQM Coordination and Cooperation in Asia Who has the capacity to coordinate ? • Generally the will to coordinate and cooperate is larger than the capacity to actually do so • Limited capacity means difficulties in making data available, no travel funds to attend coordination meetings, limited possibility to prepare for and follow-up to coordination meetings • Few programs, with dedicated secretariats have actual capacity to engage in coordination, eg. CAI-Asia (8 persons), IGES, … • Coordination mandate of these programs is partly self appointed. Natural mandate for coordination with UNEP? But, what is their capacity?

  45. AQM Coordination and Cooperation in Asia What are we coordinating? • globally: (awareness raising on AQM, broad policy approaches, information exchange, capacity building) • Regionally: (same as globally but at Asia specific level, more emphasis on harmonization of policies and standards) • Nationally: (policy and standards setting, institutional structures, capacity building and AQM implementation coordination and oversight) • City: ( implementation coordination within policies and structures set at the national level). Policies & Standards AwarenessRaising and Knowledge management Implementation Coordination

  46. AQM Coordination and Cooperation in Asia www.cleanairnet.org East Europe Central Asia Global Asia Sub Sahara Africa Latin America. BAQ 2003 Eng Fr Eng Port Esp Info-pool -CAI-Asia 2004 objective for global coordination- • Strengthen general knowledge base on AQM through http://www.cleanairnet.org Hosted under World Bank contract (tech. Support Chile) Managed by ADB and WB (tech. Support Chile) • Discuss possibilities for coordinated approaches to capacity building with Latin America, Africa and Asia based on CATNet-Asia model and Distance learning course • Discuss desirability and feasibility of further organizational cooperation and integration of CAI-Asia, CAI-LAC (Latin America) and CAI-SSA (Sub-Sahara Africa)

  47. AQM Coordination and Cooperation in Asia -CAI-Asia 2004 objective for regional coordination- Four main products: • Synthesis of Air pollution health impact studies- PAPA project – describes why AQM is needed in Asia • Strategic Framework for Air Quality management (APMA/CAI-Asia) – outlines a broad based, high level approach to AQM in Asia • Benchmarking of Air Quality Management capability (APMA/CAI-Asia) – assesses how far Asian cities are in the implementation of SF for AQM in Asia • Priority Agenda for AQM in Asia (CAI-Asia/????) – in the further strengthening of AQM capacity in Asia, what should be the focus of AQM

  48. AQM Coordination and Cooperation in Asia -CAI-Asia 2004 objective for national coordination- • Establishment of national networks in main countries of Asia • Encourage discussion on national policies and standards on AQM • Promote capacity building programs China local Network (under establishment) Lead: ADB- EF India local Network (under establishment) Lead: ADB Bangladesh local Network (under establishment) Lead: ADB + WB Nepal local Network (under establishment) Lead: ADB Sri-Lanka local Network (AIRMAC) Lead: USAID/US-AEP Vietnam Network Lead: USAID/US-AEP

  49. AQM Coordination and Cooperation in Asia -CAI-Asia 2004 objective for city coordination- • Establishment of city networks where relevant • Encourage discussion on implementation cooperation • Promote capacity building programs Jakarta Network (Mitra Emisi Bersih) Lead: USAID/US-AEP Manila local Network (Partnership for Clean Air) Lead: ADB Pune local Network Lead: USAID/US-AEP Karachi local network (Under establishment) Lead: IUCN

  50. AQM Coordination and Cooperation in Asia How do we continue with coordination and cooperation? • No predefined concept of “coordination” and “cooperation” • Each “coordinator” will define concept of “coordination” and “cooperation” • Avoid over-dependence on one organization for coordination and cooperation • There can and should be several coordinators for global, regional, national and local level, and thematic topics (e.g. PAPA program) • Make certain that the coordinators talk to each other and that there are communication structures (websites, listservers, workshops, dedicated meetings) The most successful coordination and cooperation is organic!

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