Chapter 17 Arts and Culture

1. Chapter 17 Arts and Culture C H A P T E R 17 Arts and Culture Gaylene Carpenter Prepared by H. Joey Gray

2. Learning Outcomes • Understand arts and cultural experiences • Explain the importance of providing arts and cultural experiences • Identify components in the arts and cultural program area • Describe the meanings and benefits realized by organizations and individuals through arts and cultural experiences (continued)

3. Learning Outcomes (continued) • List the social and community benefits associated • Describe the evolution of arts and cultural programming in parks and recreation, public education, and private enterprise • Compare the number, type, and breadth of arts and cultural experiences • Contrast programs provided by public agencies and nonprofit arts organizations that address contemporary needs and demonstrate contemporary practices

4. Introduction Meyer and Brightbill (1956) advocated that arts and crafts, dancing, dramatics, literary activities, and music activities were standards for a comprehensive recreation program. This chapter does the following: • Introduces the reader to arts and cultural leisure experiences and the organizations that offer them • Examines the importance of providing arts and cultural experiences and their benefits

5. Economic Impact • About 65 percent of adult American travelers included a cultural, arts, heritage, or historic activity or event while on a trip of 50 miles (80 km) or more, one-way. Cultural tourists spend more and stay longer than other types of U.S. tourists. • The number of nonprofit performing arts companies (theater, music, dance, opera) across Canada has increased 22 percent in the last decade. Figures indicate that the total number of theater, music, dance, or opera companies exceeds 600. (continued)

6. Economic Impact (continued) • Nonlocal U.S. arts patrons attending performances, festivals, and so on spend almost twice as much as local attendees do.  • Over half of all U.S. adults (53 percent) participate in the arts through electronic and digital media. Forms include TV, radio, CDs and DVDs, and portable media devices to view or listen to an arts performance, a program about artists, artworks, a museum program or exhibit, or a program about books or writers. • Canadian Heritage reported that cultural tourism spending was C$8.0 billion and represented 15 percent of the total tourist spending of C$53.5 billion in 2007.

7. What Is Meant by Arts and Culture? • Broadly defined, it can be thought of as an identifiable sector present in every community and understandable in both economic and quality-of-life terms (Godfrey, 2002). • Arts and culture lies in two contexts: • Social interaction • Cultural anthropology

8. Arts and Culture Meanings: Organizations and Participants • Participants are those who are creating the art or those who are experiencing the art. • Both the organizational mission and resources influence the provision of arts and cultural programs. • The National Endowment for the Arts’ (2009) Arts Participation 2008 Summary Report reported that 81.3 million Americans visited an art museum or gallery or attended at least one of the following types of events: theater; opera; ballet or other dance; or classical music, jazz, or Latin or salsa concert.

9. Participation • For-profit and not-for-profit arts and cultural organizations provide an array of arts and culture opportunities that benefit individuals and societies. • Participation occurs in a variety of contexts: • Museums • Galleries • Community arts centers • Art fairs and festivals • Performance venues

10. Benefits of Arts and Cultural Recreation • Celebrates and preserves our national legacy in museums, concert halls, parks, and alternative spaces • Is inherent in the objects and buildings we use every day and music we listen to • Frees our spirit from the relentless mill of daily obligations • Entertains and instructs us • Helps us understand who we are as individuals, as groups, and as communities

11. Benefits of Recreation Experience • Individuals: • Provides freedom and choice, joy, and happiness • Allows use of our creative abilities • Puts us in touch with our real self • Groups: • Forms and validates relationships • Brings people together who might not share other interests or relationships • Teaches culture-specific values and orientations • Enables people to be both inward and outgoing (continued)

12. Benefits of Recreation Experience (continued) • Communities: • Draws new residents into communities, reducing poverty and increasing population • Mutually reinforces cultural participation and diverse communities and promotes gradual growth rather than rapid gentrification • Creates positive social environment, resulting in greater civic participation, lower truancy rates, and lower delinquency rates • Builds bridges across neighborhood, ethnic, and class divides in ways that many other forms of civic engagement do not

13. Evolution of Arts and Culture Programming • Parks and recreation agencies increase the number and variety of arts and culture opportunities for citizens of all ages. • Public schools provide children and youth with learning opportunities in a range of arts-based and culturally based experiences. • Private businesses create options at a quicker rate than public programs based on public demand.

14. Role of Parks and Recreation in Arts and Culture • In 1899 Jane Addams and Ellen Gates Starr created Hull House, the first “community center.” Music, dance, and drama were all part of the total program provided for the urban poor, immigrants, and undereducated people living in urban cities (Russell, 2009). • From 1956 to 2004 several textbooks outlined the developing emphasis placed on the provision of arts and cultural programs.

15. Role of Public Education in Arts and Culture • Arts education in the schools dates back to the late 1800s. It included music, dance, theater, and visual arts at the elementary and secondary levels. • Public educators increasingly look outside schools to community-based arts organizations, programs, and services for specialists. Nonprofit and public organizations, regional arts councils, and associations send staff, artists, and volunteers to schools to teach various arts.

16. Ways That Arts Agencies Support Arts Education in Schools • Partnership building with other cultural, civic, social, or governmental agencies • Community cultural planning: expanding the role of local arts agencies and helping young people and adults engage in the arts in both school and community settings

17. Role of Arts Organizationsin Arts and Culture • Organizational uniqueness typically dictates the type of program that will be provided. • Many programs are provided in partnership with park and recreation agencies and with public school teachers and administrators. • Organizational missions have been extended to include a provision for continuing and expanding educational and introductory activities.

18. Museums Provide Programs for Youngsters

19. Role of Private Enterprise in Arts and Culture • Businesses and industries add to the number and variety of art and cultural opportunities for people of all ages (from Disneyland to Las Vegas and other local examples). • Private enterprises can often take risks in pursuing new markets and new arts and cultural experiences.

20. Types of Arts and Culture Organizations • Community arts centers • Art museums • Performing arts organizations • Art commissions and councils • Historic sites • Museums and reenactments • Folklore associations • Libraries and literary organizations • Art and cultural festivals • Youth organizations • Elderhostels

21. Arts and Culture Programs in Parks and Recreation: Best Practices State of Oregon: • Provided opportunities for youth and adults during summer. • Most offerings were visual arts programs; also offered various types of performing arts programs. • Special events were offered in nine cities, five districts, and two regional organizations. • Nontraditional programs included literary and culinary arts experiences and culturally based touring opportunities. (continued)

22. Arts and Culture Programs in Parks and Recreation: Best Practices(continued) Philadelphia, Department of Recreation: • After-school programs at 130 sites, five days a week, serving 2,800 children • Four cultural camps: art camp, young performers theater camp, intro to the performing arts camp, youth environment stewardship program • Teen center cultural activities • Creative Resolution Interactive Theatre program • Mural Arts Program, which has created more than 3,000 indoor and outdoor murals • More than 15,000 Philadelphia Mummers strutting their stuff up Broad Street dressed as comics, fancies, string bands, and fancy brigades (continued)

23. Arts and Culture Programs in Parks and Recreation: Best Practices(continued) • National Park Service (NPS): • Two-thirds of the NPS sites are historical or cultural in nature. • Wolf Trap National Park for the Performing Arts operates two performance venues, an opera company, and an education program, all of which produce a variety of arts and culture activities in addition to public performances. • Many do not realize the extent to which the National Park Service (NPS) is involved in arts and culture in the United States. Although most of its 84 million acres located on 394 areas are prized natural and scenic lands, many NPS sites are historical or cultural in nature.

24. Management Strategies That Enhance Arts and Culture Opportunities • Using high-profile events to promote awareness and entertain the public • Collaborating and building partnerships • Emphasizing cultural planning • Addressing youth interests • Associating with tourism initiatives • Responding to lifestyle shifts • Creating art experiences in public places

25. High-Profile Events Large public events promoted to wide markets outside of the regional area in which the promoting organization resides. • Portland, Oregon, trucks hundreds of cubic yards of sand to a downtown square for sand sculpting. • Plate and Pitchfork dinners, featuring gourmet meals and fine wines, are held in agricultural fields to bring city folk and farm folk together.

26. Collaboration and Partnerships Partnering with organizations that have similar missions to accomplish goals for the greater good while overcoming limited resources. • In British Columbia, Kamloops Art Gallery and University College of the Cariboo collaborate to find out how cultural and arts organizations work together in a small-city setting. • In Los Angeles, the housing authority, police, city and county recreation and parks departments, and California State University at Dominguez Hills offer a program for developing the self-confidence, cultural awareness, and constructive social interactions of young girls.

27. Emphasis on Cultural Planning • Local arts agencies lead efforts for community cultural planning. • In communities that have a cultural plan, local government arts funding grows at a significantly faster rate than in communities without a plan (Americans for the Arts, 2004).

28. Addressing Youth Interests • Youth and young adults often have special interests in art and culture activity that occurs outside typical organizational contexts. Two innovative, non-agency-based practices are the DIY movement and creating and reading zines. • Youth and young adult interests in art and culture also occur within an organizational context. • Rock ’N’ Roll Camp for Girls (RRCG), Portland, Oregon • Totally Cool Totally Art (TCTA), Austin, Texas

29. Associating With Tourism Initiatives • Recreation agencies and arts organizations offering arts and cultural programs should routinely associate with their local convention and visitors bureaus (CVBs). • For example, the city of Hamilton, Ontario, designed and offers walking tours that go beyond the traditional historic overview to include topics with clear cultural connections related to the evolution of the city.

30. Responding to Lifestyle Shifts • One size does not fit all. • People’s contemporary lifestyles influence what they do with their free time. • An intersection between art and everyday life is emerging. • Vast numbers of people experience the arts in an informal manner.

31. Fairs, Festivals, and Special Events Appeal to People With Limited Time

32. Creating Art Experiences in Public Places Places for public art and culture can include certain sections of our towns and cities that temporarily become art places: • Busy streets are popular for art walks. • Musicians or magicians perform in shopping malls. • Rose gardens turn into outdoor movie theaters during the summer. • Businesses offer late-night poetry slams or a place for musicians to practice after the business has closed.