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“The Roaring Twenties”

“The Roaring Twenties”. The United States in the 1920s. “The Roaring Twenties” (in the U.S.) “The Jazz Age” (Canada or the U.K.) (Sometimes) “Golden Age 20s” B/C of post-WWI economic boom Weimar Republic (Europe) Referring to post-war Germany. 1920s: Also Known as…. Decade includes:

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“The Roaring Twenties”

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  1. “The Roaring Twenties” The United States in the 1920s

  2. “The Roaring Twenties” (in the U.S.) • “The Jazz Age” (Canada or the U.K.) • (Sometimes) “Golden Age 20s” • B/C of post-WWI economic boom • Weimar Republic (Europe) • Referring to post-war Germany 1920s: Also Known as…

  3. Decade includes: • Communism, Bolshevism, & Russia’s Civil War • Rise of far-rights & fascism in Europe • U.S. urban population > rural population • Ends w/ Wall Street Crash, Oct 1929 1920s, continued…

  4. Fear and Xenophobia Fear and Intolerance lead to Restrictions

  5. Post Bolshevik-Revolution, US Communist Party begins • Red Scare: 1919-1920 • Nationwide “crusade” against “Un-American” • Att.Gen. A. Mitchell Palmer rounded up immigrants • Many states - crime syndication laws: violence for social change = unlawful • Free Speech Restricted The “Red Scare”

  6. Nicola Sacco & Bartolometo Vanzetti – convicted in 1921 of murder of MA paymaster & guard • Given trial but judge/jury prejudiced • Were: Italians, atheists, anarchists, draft dodgers • Liberals & Radicals criticized decision, but both electrocuted in 1927 Sacco & Vanzetti

  7. Anti- Pro- Anglo-Saxon “Native” American Protestant • Foreign • Catholic • Black • Jewish • Pacifist • Communist • Internationalist • Evolutionist • Bootlegger • Gambling • Adultery • Birth Control Ku Klux Klan

  8. Rapid spread 1920s (esp in Mid West & S.) • 5 million members • Congressional investigation (internal embezzling) in late 1920s = collapse • Manifestation of intolerance & prejudice • Anxiety, pace of social change Ku Klux Klan

  9. 1920s – America Isolationist • “New Immigration” = Emergency Quota Act of 1921 • Immigrants (Europe) restricted to a quota • 3% of people of their nationalityin the U.S. in 1910 Immigration

  10. Quota Act of 1921 replaced by Immigration Act of 1924 • Quotas of foreigners cut from 3% to 2% • Japanese banned from U.S. • Canadians & Latin Americans exempt • Unrestricted immigration OVER. Immigration

  11. 18thAmend. (1919) bans alcohol • Movement supported by: churches & women • End of progressive reform • Popular in South • Whites wanted “stimulants” out of black hands • Popular in West • Alcohol = crime & corruption Prohibition

  12. Prohibitionists believed Fed Gov would enforce law • “Speakeasies”replaced saloons • Results: • Bank Savings increased • Absenteeism in industry decreased Prohibition

  13. Illegal alcohol profits = bribery of police • Violent wars between rival gangs • Best example of lawlessness: Chicago • “Scarface” Al Caponebegan 6-year gang war • Eventually tried & convicted of… income tax evasion. • Sentenced to jail for 11 years. Gangsterism

  14. Gangsters begin to move away from alcohol dist. and into: • Prostitution • Gambling • Narcotics • Kidnapping for Ransom Gangsterism

  15. Police funding: INCREASED $11.4 mil • Arrests for Prohibition Violations: INCREASED 102+% • Arrests for Drunkenness & Disorderly Conduct: INCREASED 42% • Arrests of Drunken Drivers: INCREASED 81% • Thefts & Burglaries: INCREASED 9% • Homicides, Assault, & Battery: INCREASED 13% • Number of Federal Convicts: INCREASED 561% • Federal Prison Population: INCREASED 366% • Total Federal Expenditures on Penal Institutions: INCREASED 1,000% 1920s Crime

  16. Prohibition: 1920-1933

  17. Progressive ed.: Prof. John Dewey • Learning by doing, education for life • Fundamentalistsanti-Darwinism • Progressive educators tried to stop: • Separate academic ed for elite • Set vocational ed for the masses • Progressive Ed. turned to “scientific” techiniques: • Cost/Benefit management • Importance of artistic, emotional, & creative aspects of human development Progressive Education

  18. More students in school • Schools adapting to: • New immigrant families • Broad range of courses • Training for industrial jobs Progressive Education

  19. 1925 – John T. Scopes(TN) for violating ButlerAct (teach evolution in state-funded school) • Purposefully self-incriminated • State of Tennessee v. John Thomas Scopes, Scopes defended by Clarence Darrow, prosecuted by William Jennings Bryan. • Found guilty, fined $100 Scopes “Monkey” Trial

  20. Mass-Consumption and Business

  21. Prosperity • Treasury Sec. Andrew Mellon’s tax policies • World War I • Sports become big business • Buying on credit! • Prosperity = a cloud of debt, society vulnerable Booming Economy

  22. Four point tax plan: • Cut top income tax rate from 77 to 24% • Cut low-income taxes from 4 to ½ % • Reduce Fed Estate tax(eliminate tax-shelters) • Government Efficiency(lower taxes = fewer returns =fewer workers; cut size of paper bills) Mellon’s Tax Cuts

  23. 1926: 65% of income tax revenue comes from $300,000+ incomes, five years earlier only 20% • Overall tax burden on those earning >$10,000(from $155mil to $32.5mil) • Overall public debt: • Grew from $1.5bil in 1916 to $24bil in 1919 • Shrank from $33bil in 1919 to $16bil in 1929 Reducing Public Debt

  24. Mass Consumption (aka Consumerism):people purchasing goods in excess of their needs Mass Consumption

  25. Credit: pay in installments • Better tech in factories = goods consumers want to buy, higher wages = more money to spend • SPOILER ALERT: Overspending on credit leads to the Great Depression Credit

  26. New inventions using electricity: • Sewing Machines • Washing Machines • Vacuum Cleaners • Dishwashers • Mixers • Stoves • Toasters • Irons • Hot-Water Heaters • Space Heaters • Refrigerators New Technology

  27. Auto Industry starts 1920s Industrial Rev • Assembly-line methods, mass-production • Detroit = motorcar capital of world • Henry Ford • Assembly Line & the Model T • 20 million Model Ts by 1930 Automobile Industry

  28. Millions of jobs & supporting industries from Autos • Esp. Petroleum business • Railroad industry hit hard • America’s standard of living rises Automobile Industry

  29. Gasoline = power for flight • Dec 17th 1903 - Orville & Wilbur Wright • After WWI, private companies - passenger air • 1927, Charles A. Lindberg– first man to fly solo over Atlantic Flight

  30. Guglielmo Marconi - wireless telegraphy (the telegraph) in 1890s • 1920s – first voice-carrying radio broadcasts. Radio

  31. Publicity and Promotion = growth of sports in 1920s(Esp. Baseball, Tennis, Golf, Swimming, Football, Boxing) • Newspapers, Magazines, Radio, Movies – all benefit Sports Business

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