Quarter One Notes

1. Quarter One Notes

2. Characteristics of Life • Biology – the study of life • Characteristics of Life: Organization, Homeostasis, Metabolism, Reproduction, Growth and Development, Response to Stimuli, Evolution • Characteristic of Life can be adjusted and may potentially have exceptions. • *Organisms have a finite life span. The Amoeba Sisters - Characteristics of Life https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cQPVXrV0GNA&list=PLwL0Myd7Dk1F0iQPGrjehze3eDpco1eVz&t=0s&index=4

3. Biological Levels in Biology • Biotic – Living • Abiotic – Non-Living • Biological Levels: Atoms, Molecules, Cells, Tissues, Organs, Organ Systems, Organism, Population, Community, Ecosystem, Biome, Biosphere * Organisms require a supply of energy and material for which they often depend on or compete with, other organisms. The Amoeba Sisters -Biological Levels in Biology https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EtWknf1gzKo&index=4&list=PLwL0Myd7Dk1F0iQPGrjehze3eDpco1eVz

4. Introduction to Cells Modern Cell Theory: The cell is the smallest living unit in all organisms. All living things are made of cells. All cells come from other pre-existing cells.Unicellular – Has one cellMulticellular – Has multiple cellsProkaryotes – Have a cytoplasm, ribosomes, cell membranes, but NO nucleus, and NO membrane bound organellesEukaryotes – Have a cytoplasm, ribosomes, cell membranes, nucleus, and membrane bound organelles* All organisms are constituted of one or more cells. The Amoeba Sisters - Introduction to Cells https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8IlzKri08kk&index=8&list=PLwL0Myd7Dk1F0iQPGrjehze3eDpco1eVz

5. Specialized Cells Specialized Cells Specialized Cells – Specialized cells have structures that suits its function.Examples of Specialized Cells:Plant - Epidermal Cells, Guard Cells, Trichomes, Paisadepaencyma Cells, Spongy Parenchymal CellsAnimal - Red Blood Cells, White Blood Cells, Muscle Cells, Cardiac Muscle Cells, NeuronsSignificance of Specialized Cells - Specialized cells can combine to create specialized tissue that function together.* Multicellular organisms have cells that are differentiated according to their function. * All the basic functions of life are the result of what happens inside the cells which make up an organism. The Amoeba Sisters - Specialized Cells https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wNe6RuK0FfA&index=9&list=PLwL0Myd7Dk1F0iQPGrjehze3eDpco1eVz

6. The Cell Cycle The Cell Cycle Phases of the Cell Cycle:Interphase – (90%) Cell Functioning, Growing, Replicating DNA G1 – Gap 1 – Cell Grows S – Synthesis – Cell Replicates DNA G2 – Gap 2 – Cell Grows More and Prepares for MitosisCheckpoints:Checkpoint 1 – G1 – Is the cell growing well? Is its DNA damaged?Checkpoint 2 – G2 – Was the DNA replicated correctly during S phase? Is the cell growing well enough? Does the cell have enough resources to survive?Checkpoint 3 – M – Are the chromosomes lined up correctly? Are the chromosomes attached correctly to the spindle? Are the cells separating correctly?Check Point Regulators:Positive Regulators: (Ex: cdk, cyclin) Allow forward movement in the cell cycle.Negative Regulators: (ex: p53) Make things stop in the cell cycle.Check Point Failure:If a problem is detected, the cells stops, takes a break, and tries to fix the problem. If it can’t – Apoptosis – The cell self-destructs. (This ensures that an irreparable cell will not divide).G Zero – A resting phase unique to some cells.* Growth is the result of multiple cell divisions. Video - The Amoeba Sisters -The Cell Cycle https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QVCjdNxJreE&index=21&list=PLwL0Myd7Dk1F0iQPGrjehze3eDpco1eVz

7. Mitosis Mitosis Mitosis – The growth and division of cellsThe Mitosis Stages of Division:Prophase – “P” for “pro” which means beforeThe nucleus and chromosomes are still there.Chromosomes are condensing and becoming more visibleMetaphase – “M” for middleThe nucleus has been disassembledThe chromosomes have lined up in the middle of the cell.Anaphase - “A” for awayThe chromatids are separated and moving away.They are moving on spindles toward the poles of the cell.Telophase - “T” for twoThe chromosomes are at opposite ends (poles) of the cell.New nuclei are forming at each pole and turning into two identical cells.Cytokinesis – The final separation where the cytoplasm splits into two identical cells.* Growth is the result of multiple cell divisions. The Amoeba Sisters - Mitosis https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f-ldPgEfAHI&index=22&list=PLwL0Myd7Dk1F0iQPGrjehze3eDpco1eVz

8. Meiosis Meiosis Meiosis – Involves gametes. Provides genetic variety. Doesn’t make body cells.Gametes – Sperm and egg cellsInterphase – During interphase DNA replication occurs. During DNA replication 46 chromosomes replicate to equal 46 chromosomes and 92 chromatids.Stages of Meiosis – PMAT X2P1 – Prophase 1.M1 – Metaphase 1A1 – Anaphase 1T1 – Telophase 1P2 – Prophase 2M2 – Metaphase 2A2 – Anaphase 2T2 – Telophase 2Cytokinesis – Ends the meiosis process.* Growth is the result of multiple cell divisions. The Amoeba Sisters - Meiosis https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VzDMG7ke69g&index=23&list=PLwL0Myd7Dk1F0iQPGrjehze3eDpco1eVz

9. Mitosis vs Meiosis MitosisMakes Body CellsAsexual ReproductionCreates Two Daughter CellsDaughter Cells Have 46 ChromosomesDivides From a Somatic CellGoes Through One Stage of Division6 PhasesMeiosisMakes GametesSexual ReproductionCreates Four Daughter CellsDaughter Cells have 23 ChromosomesDivided From a Reproductive CellGoes Through Two Stages of Division9 Phases* Growth is the result of multiple cell divisions. The Amoeba Sisters -Mitosis vs Meiosis https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zrKdz93WlVk&list=PLwL0Myd7Dk1F0iQPGrjehze3eDpco1eVz&index=25

10. Chromosomes Human Body Cells – Have 46 ChromosomesGametes – Have 23 ChromosomesChromosomes = DNA + ProteinChromatid – Chromosome copiesCentromeres – In the middle of a chromosome. Where the spindles attach during cell division.After Mitosis – Mitosis duplicates cells. This results in two identical cells, each with 46 chromosomes.After Meiosis – Meiosis is a reduction division. There results in four different cells with 23 chromosomes each. * Genes determine the development and structure of organisms.* Genes are located in the chromosomes of cells.* Individuals have two of each chromosome and hence two alleles of each gene, one acquired from each parent. * These versions may be identical or may differ from each other.* Individuals have two of each chromosome and hence two alleles of each gene, one acquired from each parent. * These versions may be identical or may differ from each other. The Amoeba Sisters -Chromosome Numbers During Division https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gcz1FOWw0Cg&index=24&list=PLwL0Myd7Dk1F0iQPGrjehze3eDpco1eVz

11. Karyotypes Karyotypes Chromosomes – Are made of chromatinChromatin – Consists of DNA & proteinNucleosomes – DNA tightly wrapped around histones (protein)Human Chromosomes – Can be represented as a single component or they can be duplicatedKaryotype – An image of chromosomesIdeograms - diagrammatic or idealized representations of chromosomes, showing their relative size, homologous groups and cytogenetic landmarks.Homologous Chromosome Pairs – Are about the same, size, contain the same types of genesAutosomes – Twenty two pairs of chromosomes that are not related to your biological sexSex Chromosomes – The last two chromosomes. They determine your biological sex. * A karyotype is evaluated by numbers, the appearance of chromosomes, and includes their length, banding pattern, and centromere position. * To obtain a view of an individual’s karyotype, cytologists photograph the chromosomes and then cut and paste each chromosome into a chart, or karyogram, also known as an ideogram Females have two X Chromosomes - (XX) Males have one X and one Y chromosome. (XY) The Amoeba Sisters -Chromosomes and Karyotypes https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mBq1ULWJp_M&index=26&list=PLwL0Myd7Dk1F0iQPGrjehze3eDpco1eVz

12. DNA Structure DNA Structure Heredity – How traits are passed down from parents to offspringTraits – Are carried by DNA. Can be influenced by environmental conditions.DNA – Deoxyribonucleic Acid – Found in the nucleus of a cell. You inherit DNA from your parents. DNA determines; height, eye color, hair color, risk for diseases. DNA is made up of Nucleotides:There are 3 Types of Nucleotides: Sugar, Phosphate, and BaseThere are 4 Types of Bases: Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, GuanineThese Bases are paired up as partners:Adenine, Thymine - (Apples in the Tree)Cytosine, Guanine - (Car in the Garage)The Amount of Bases and Sequence of Bases in DNA varies in different species.DNA Structure: DNA has two strands with nucleotides running up both sides. The bases pair in the middle with Hydrogen Bonds. The strands are twisted in a shape called a “Double Helix” shape.Genes: Portions of DNA make up genes. Genes can code for proteins.Proteins: Proteins play a huge role in expressing traits. Proteins also help in transport, structure, acting as enzymes, and protecting the body.* Genetic information in a cell is held in the chemical DNA. The Amoeba Sisters -DNA, Chromosomes, Genes, Traits https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8m6hHRlKwxY&index=18&list=PLwL0Myd7Dk1F0iQPGrjehze3eDpco1eVz

13. DNA Replication DNA Replication DNA: Is the ultimate director for cells. Codes for your traits DNA is a major component of what makes you – you!DNA Replication - Involves making more DNA Where: In the Cell Nucleus When: During InterphaseThe Key Enzymes in DNA Replication: • Helicase: (The Unzipper) – Unzips the two strands of DNA. • DNA Polymerase:(The Builder) – Replicates DNA molecules to build a new strand of DNA. • Primase: (The Initializer) – Makes the primer and directs the DNA Polymerase. • Ligase:(The Gluer) – Helps glue DNA fragments together.* Genetic information in a cell is held in the chemical DNA. The Amoeba Sisters - DNA Replication https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5qSrmeiWsuc&list=PLwL0Myd7Dk1F0iQPGrjehze3eDpco1eVz&index=19

14. Gene Regulation Gene Regulation Gene Regulation – How genes are regulatedOperon – A way of regulating genes using enzymes. 1) RNA Polymerase starts transcription2) RNA Polymerase binds to ta promoter3) The operators and repressors blocks the RNA PolymeraseLac Operon – Breaks down lactose sugar for metabolism1) Lactose binds to the repressor and changes its confirmations2) Repressors can’t bind to the operators3) RNA Polymerase finds the promoter; binds and transcribes4) mRNA and enzymes make sugar that is broken down* Genes determine the development and structure of organisms.* Changes (mutations) to genes can result in changes to proteins. Video: The Amoeba Sisters – Gene Regulation and the Order of Operonhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h_1QLdtF8d0&list=PLwL0Myd7Dk1F0iQPGrjehze3eDpco1eVz&index=36

15. Mutations Mutations – A random change of genetic materials.Mutations can be caused by internal and external factors. Types of Mutations = Gene Mutations and Chromosome Mutation* Genetic variations occur in offspring through the inheritance of traits or through mutations.* Changes (mutations) to genes can result in changes to proteins, which can affect the structures and functions of the organism and thereby change traits. * Genetic information can be altered because of mutations. * Though rare, mutations may result in changes to the structure and function of proteins. Some changes are beneficial, others harmful, and some neutral to the organism Video: The Amoeba Sisters - Gel Electrophoresis https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GieZ3pk9YVo

16. Gel Electrophoresis Biotechnology – The merging of biology and technologyGel Electrophoresis – A process that separates molecules based on size.A DNA Ladder – is used to measure DNA samples. Base Pair(bp) – is the unit of measurement for DNA samples.Where is Gel Electrophoresis Used? It is used in determining relatedness. It is used to classify organisms. It is used in DNA fingerprinting. It is used in southern blotting.* Advancements in technology have furthered the field of genetic research Video: The Amoeba Sisters - Gel Electrophoresis https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZDZUAleWX78&list=PLwL0Myd7Dk1F0iQPGrjehze3eDpco1eVz&index=20

17. Alleles and Genes Genes – Can code for a trait (Note: Many traits are coded for by more than one gene.)Allele – Varieties of genes. They are usually represented with letters. The letters are case sensitive. Uppercase Letters = A Dominant Allele Lowercase Letters = A Recessive AlleleDominant Trait – Will always be shown in the organism; it will appear in the offspring if one of the parents contributes it.Recessive Trait – Must be contributed to by both parents to appear in the offspring. An inherited trait is only visible when two copies of that gene is present.Genotypes – Your genetic make-up. Letters are used as identifiers. Genotypes help determine phenotype.Phenotype – Physical characteristics based on genotype.Punnett Squares – Used to determine the probability of offspring having certain genotypes and phenotypes.* Genetic information is passed down from one generation of organisms to another.* Each distinct gene chiefly controls the production of a specific protein, which in turn affects the traits of the individual. The Amoeba Sisters -Alleles and Genes https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pv3Kj0UjiLE&list=PLwL0Myd7Dk1F0iQPGrjehze3eDpco1eVz&index=27

18. Monohybrid Cross Punnett Squares – Used to determine the probability of offspring having certain genotypes and phenotypes.Monohybrid Cross – A cross between one pair of alleles.Allele – Varieties of genes.Genotypes – Your genetic make-up. Letters are used as identifiers. Phenotype – Physical characteristics based on genotype.Uppercase Letters = A Dominant AlleleLowercase Letters = A Recessive AlleleHomozygous – Having the same genotype Homozygous Dominant – HH Homozygous Recessive – hhHeterozygous – Having a different genotype – Hh* Genetic information is passed down from one generation of organisms to another.* In sexually reproducing organisms, each parent contributes half of the genes acquired by the offspring. Video - The Amoeba Sisters -Monohybrids and Punnett Squares https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i-0rSv6oxSY&index=28&list=PLwL0Myd7Dk1F0iQPGrjehze3eDpco1eVz

19. Dihybrid Cross Dihybrid Cross - A cross between two pair of allelesDominant Allele – Genotype: Uppercase / Phenotype: Shows TraitsRecessive Allele – Genotype: Lowercase / Phenotype: Does Not Show TraitsMendel’s Law of Segregation – Gametes only carry one allele for a geneMendel’s Law for Independent Assortment – Alleles are not linkedFOIL Method: Combination method used to combine dihybrid combinationsF – First / O – Outside / I – Inside / L – Last* Genetic information is passed down from one generation of organisms to another. The Amoeba Sisters -Dihybrid and Two Trait Crosses https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qIGXTJLrLf8&index=29&list=PLwL0Myd7Dk1F0iQPGrjehze3eDpco1eVz

20. Sex Linked Traits Sex Linked Traits – Are found on sex linked chromosomesSex Linked Chromosomes – Two of the 46 chromosomes in humans are sex linked chromosomes. They are the last two chromosomes in a karyotype. They are named X and Y chromosomes. (XX = Female, XY = Male)Homozygous Dominant Sex Linked Cell – xHxHHeterozygous Dominant Sex Linked Cell – xHxhRecessive Sex Linked Cell – xhxhNote: Most sex linked traits are found on the X chromosome…Why? Because, X genes are larger and there are more of them. Therefore, females are the carriers of a sex linked traits.* Genetic information is passed down from one generation of organisms to another. The Amoeba Sisters -Sex Linked Traits https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h2xufrHWG3E&index=30&list=PLwL0Myd7Dk1F0iQPGrjehze3eDpco1eVz

21. Multiple Alleles and Blood Types Blood Types Blood Types – A, B, AB, O – Are genetically inherited – Are phenotypes – Can have multiple allelesBlood Type A – Has “A” antigens on the surface of the red blood cell / Phenotype: A / Homozygous: IAIA / Heterozygous: IAiBlood Type B – Has “B” antigens on the surface of the red blood cell / Phenotype: B / Homozygous: IBIB / Heterozygous: IBiBlood Type AB – Has both “A” and “B” antigens on the surface of the red blood cells / Phenotype: Type B / Genotype: IAIBBlood Type O – Does not have “A” or “B” antigens on the surface of the red blood cells / Has no blood type antigens / Is the universal donor / Can only receive blood from another type O donor / Phenotype – Type O / Genotype iiRh Factors:Rh Factor + Has a positive Rh factor on the surface of your red blood cells.Rh Factor – Does not have a positive Rh factor on the surface of your red blood cells.* Genetic information is passed down from one generation of organisms to another. The Amoeba Sisters - Multiple Alleles and Blood Types https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9O5JQqlngFY&t=0s&list=PLwL0Myd7Dk1F0iQPGrjehze3eDpco1eVz&index=32

22. Non-Mendelian Traits: Incomplete Dominance, Co Dominance, Polygenic Traits, and Epistasis Medellin Traits – Having a dominant allele means the dominant trait will show.Non-Medellin Traits – They don’t follow the Medellin Trait RulesExamples of Non-Medellin Traits.Incomplete Dominance – The dominant allele is not completely expressed when the recessive allele is present. Codominance – Alleles work together and both traits show up.Polygenic Traits – Many genes code for one trait.Epistasis – When one gene depends on another gene for it to be expressed.* Genetic information is passed down from one generation of organisms to another.* Variations of inherited traits between parent and offspring arise from genetic differences. Video: The Amoeba Sisters -Incomplete Dominance, Co Dominance, Polygenic Traits, and Epistasis https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YJHGfbW55l0&t=0s&list=PLwL0Myd7Dk1F0iQPGrjehze3eDpco1eVz&index=33

23. Pedigrees Pedigrees Pedigree – A family tree that shows genetic information about inherited traits along generations.Symbols: Circle – Females Squares – Males Lines – Connect Blood Lines Roman Numerals - Identify Generations Shaded Shapes – A trait that is being tracked in a pedigree Half Shaded Shapes – Carriers of a trait being tracked in a pedigree.Alleles:Dominant Alleles – Lead to Dominant TraitsRecessive Alleles – Are only expressed when dominant alleles are not present* Genetic information is passed down from one generation of organisms to another. Video: The Amoeba Sisters – Pedigrees https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Gd09V2AkZv4&t=0s&list=PLwL0Myd7Dk1F0iQPGrjehze3eDpco1eVz&index=34

24. Natural Selection Species – A group that can breed with each other, pass down DNA to offspring, and can have a variety of traits.Prey - An animal that is hunted and killed by another for food.Predators - An animal that naturally preys on others.Variations - The occurrence of an organism in more than one distinct color or form.Mutations – The changing of the structure of a gene, resulting in a variant form that may be transmitted to future generations.Biological Fitness - Natural Selection – A mechanism of evolutionEvolution – Change over timeVariations and Mutations:Are random and may not affect biological fitnessCan be involved with environmental factorsCan be negative and can create negative longevity effects.Can be positive and can lead to adaptions. This can create positive longevity effects.* Natural selection provides an explanation of how new species can evolve.* Natural selection may lead to increases and decreases of specific traits in populations over time.* Adaptation by natural selection acting over generations is one important process by which species change over time in response to changes in environmental conditions. * Traits that support successful survival and reproduction in the new environment become more common; those that do not become less common. Thus, the distribution of traits in a population changes. Video: The Amoeba Sisters – Natural Selection https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7VM9YxmULuo&list=PLwL0Myd7Dk1F0iQPGrjehze3eDpco1eVz&index=38

25. Genetic Drift Genetic Variety – Can exist within populationsGenetic Drift – Can change in allele frequencies due to change. Is random and has to do with chance. Is a mechanism for evolution. The impact of genetic drift is more significant on smaller populations.The Bottleneck Effect – A small group of a surviving population is represented due to the elimination of a larger population. (ex: forest fire)The Founder Effect -–A small group of a new population that does not represent an original population.*Over countless generations changes resulting from natural diversity within a species are believed to lead to the selection of those individuals best suited to survive under certain conditions. * In separated populations with different conditions, the changes can be large enough that the populations, provided they remain separated (a process called reproductive isolation), evolve to become separate species.*Species not able to respond sufficiently to changes in their environment become extinct.* The theory of evolution seeks to make clear the unity and diversity of living and extinct organisms. Video: The Amoeba Sisters – Genetic Drift https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W0TM4LQmoZY&list=PLwL0Myd7Dk1F0iQPGrjehze3eDpco1eVz&index=39

26. Speciation Speciation – The development of a new speciesAllopatric Speciation - A geographic barrier separates populations which prevents inter breeding. Over time this creates significant genetic differences. These difference may change the ability to inter breed.Sympatric Speciation – Speciation occurs in the same geographic area. However, something prevents inter breeding.Prezygotic Barriers – Barriers that occur before zygote creation.Behavioral Isolation – Behaviors that can isolate a speciesTemporal Isolation – Species can have different breeding seasonsHabitat Isolation – Species can have different habitatsPostzygotic Barriers - Barriers that occur after zygote creation. Infertile – Unable to reproduceWeak– Not strong enough to reproduceDevelopmental Issues – Genetic incompatibility issuesIsolation: Many different isolations can lead to speciation Species can be impacted by more than one type of isolation. Isolation by itself is not a mechanism for change over time, but it does reduce gene flow.* In any ecosystem, there is competition among species for the energy resources and materials they need to live and reproduce.* In separated populations with different conditions, the changes can be large enough that the populations, provided they remain separated (a process called reproductive isolation), evolve to become separate species.* Species not able to respond sufficiently to changes in their environment become extinct.* The theory of evolution seeks to make clear the unity and diversity of living and extinct organisms. Video: The Amoeba Sisters – Speciation https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=udZUaNKXbJA&t=0s&index=41&list=PLwL0Myd7Dk1F0iQPGrjehze3eDpco1eVz

27. An Intro to Biodiversity Biodiversity – The variety of all types of organisms living in a given area* Biodiversity can contribute to the sustainability of an ecosystem.Food Chains – Identify Levels of Producers and Consumers.Food Webs – Show multiple food chains that interact togetherTrophic Levels – Energy Levels* Organisms require a supply of energy and material for which they often depend on or compete with other organisms.* Food provides materials and energy for organisms to carry out the basic functions of life and to grow. * Green plants and some bacteria are able to use energy from the Sun to generate complex food molecules.* Animals obtain energy by breaking down complex food molecules and are ultimately dependent on producers as their source of energy. * In any ecosystem, there is competition among species for the energy resources and materials they need to live and reproduce.* Biodiversity is the wide range of existing life forms that have adapted to the variety of conditions on Earth, from terrestrial to marine ecosystems. * Biodiversity includes genetic variation within a species, in addition to species variation in different habitats and ecosystem types (e.g., forests, grasslands, wetlands). * Changes in biodiversity can influence humans’ resources, such as food, energy, and medicines, as well as ecosystem services that humans rely on—for example, water purification and recycling. Video: The Amoeba Sisters – Food Webs, Energy Pyramids and An Intro to Biodiversity https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-oVavgmveyY&list=PLwL0Myd7Dk1F0iQPGrjehze3eDpco1eVz&index=48

28. Sexual and Asexual Reproduction Asexual Reproduction: Requires only one organism Results in offspring that are identical in structure and form (clones) Is efficient and fast Examples: Binary Fission – Splits from one organism into two (ex: bacteria, protests) Budding – Buds an identical offspring (ex: hydra)* In asexual reproduction all the genes in the offspring come from one parent.Sexual Reproduction: Involves the uniting of gametes to create a zygote. A zygote then divides into a blastocyst. Involves independent assortment and crossing over through meiosis. Creates diversity The expression of different traits are beneficial to environmental change.* In sexual reproduction half of the genes come from each parent.* Sexual reproduction provides for transmission of genetic information to offspring through egg and sperm cells. These cells, which contain only one chromosome of each parent’s chromosome pair, unite to form a new individual (offspring). Thus offspring possess one instance of each parent’s chromosome pair (forming a new chromosome pair). Video: The Amoeba Sisters – Sexual and Asexual Reproduction https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fcGDUcGjcyk&index=44&list=PLwL0Myd7Dk1F0iQPGrjehze3eDpco1eVz

29. Flower Reproduction, Gymnosperms, and Angiosperms Flower Structure Gymnosperms – A vascular plant that reproduces by means of exposed seeds or ovaries.Angiosperms – Flowering plants whose seeds are enclosed by mature ovaries and fruit.Flowers – Reproductive structures of plants Male Part of Flowers – Stamen, Anther, Filament, Pollen Female Parts of Flowers – Pistil, Stigma, Style, Ovary Other Parts of Flowers – Sepal, PetalPollinators - Organisms that help in the process of pollination. Video: The Amoeba Sisters – Plant Reproduction in Angiosperms https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HLYPm2idSTE&list=PLwL0Myd7Dk1F0iQPGrjehze3eDpco1eVz&index=47

30. Ecological Relationships Ecological Relationships Ecological Relationships – Predator / Prey relationshipsBiological Competition – Competing for abiotic or biotic factorsSymbiotic Relationships – A specific type of relationship where different species live together.Parasitism – One organism benefits whole the other is harmed.Mutualism – Both organisms involved benefit.Commensalism – One organism benefits while the other is neither helped or harmed.* In any ecosystem, there is competition among species for the energy resources and materials they need to live and reproduce. Video - The Amoeba Sisters – Ecological Relationships https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rNjPI84sApQ&index=49&list=PLwL0Myd7Dk1F0iQPGrjehze3eDpco1eVz

31. Ecological Succession Ecological Succession – A process over time of organisms forming an ecological communityEcological Levels: Organism – An individual plant or animal Population – A group of the same species Community – Many populations living together in one specific areaPrimary Succession – The colonization of a new area, with no soil, by a pioneer speciesCompetition – A struggle for space and resourcesSecondary Succession – An ecological sequence that involves an ecological disturbance where soil is present and inhabited.Ecological Succession – Shows diversity of organisms in an ecological community over a period of time.* In any ecosystem, there is competition among species for the energy resources and materials they need to live and reproduce. Video - The Amoeba Sisters – Ecological Succession https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uqEUzgVAF6g&t=0s&index=52&list=PLwL0Myd7Dk1F0iQPGrjehze3eDpco1eVz

32. Scientific Method • The scientific method is a process for experimentation that is used to explore observations and answer questions. • The goal is to discover the cause and effect relationships by asking questions, gathering and examining evidence, and seeing if all the available information can formulate in to a logical answer.