The Federalist Era 1789-1800

1. The Federalist Era 1789-1800 • Book Ends: Washington’s Inauguration to Jefferson’s Election • Theme: Stabilized the nation, fixed the weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation • Major Events: Whiskey Rebellion, French Revolution abroad, XYZ Affair • Formation of Political Parties, Federalists and Democratic-Republicans

2. Essay hint • Some historians have argued that the US Constitution was a radical departure from the Articles of Confederation. • Support, modify, or refute this contention using specific evidence.

3. I. Domestic Affairs

4. George Washington

5. The First Executive Branch

7. 1st Congress • Adopted the Bill of Rights • Judiciary Act 1789, set up federal court system, empowered to rule on constitutionality of state courts • Passed Hamilton’s Financial program (Beard Thesis?)

8. What caused political parties to form in the early republic, 1789-1800?

9. Hamilton’s Financial Plan • Funding National debt at Par (paying back all the money they said they would) to establish good credit • Assumption of State Debts • Unfair to South, so a Compromise located and built the nation’s capital in the South, Washington DC • Tariffs (tax on imports to raise revenue to pay off war debt) • Excise Tax on Whiskey • National Bank to promote business

10. Memory aide: (Befat is not a real term and should never be used in an essay!) • B ank • E xcise tax on whiskey • F unding the national debt • A ssuming the state debts • T ariff

11. Who was Alexander Hamilton? • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t0aX8Jy1tME&safe=active • Rap

12. Battle for the National Bank: Provisions: • Federal Treasury would deposit its surplus revenues in the bank and print urgently needed paper money providing a stable national currency.  Opposition: • Jefferson strongly opposed the bank on strict interpretation of the Const. • Hamilton argued loose construction • “elastic clause” (Implied Powers) • Provided for passing any laws "necessary & proper“ to carry out the powers vested in the various governmental agencies.” • Bank issue sparked division

14. The Whiskey Rebellion (1794) • SW Penn. backcountry folks hard hit by Hamilton's excise tax. • Torched buildings, tarred & feathered revenue officers, tax collections came to a halt • Washington led army of 13,000 to crush rebellion, no opposition • Significance: Showed federal gov. could handle uprisings and Const. worked

15. "...if the laws are to be so trampled upon with impunity, and a minority...is to dictate to the majority, there is an end put at one stroke to republican government...for some other man or society may dislike another law and oppose it with equal propriety until all laws are prostrate, and everyone will carve for himself." • - George Washington's observation about the Whiskey Rebellion

16. Today on Divorce Court

17. Birth of the Party System • Founding Fathers in 1787 did not envision the existence of political parties. (Federalists & Anti-Federalist were not formal parties, but factions) • By 1792-1793, two well-defined groups had crystallized:                 i.  Hamiltonian Federalists                 ii. Jeffersonian Republicans

18. Federalists • Believed in gov. by the upper class • Distrusted the common people, “Mobocracy”  • Supported a strong central government  • Encouraged business and manufacturing • Pro-British in foreign policy 

19. Jeffersonians(Democratic-Republicans, or Republicans) • Advocated the rule for the common person • Biggest appeal was to the middle and lower class: yeoman farmers, laborers, artisans, and small shopkeepers. • Economy: Promoted an agrarian economy • Pro French in foreign policy

20. Hamilton and Jefferson Disagree(What a surprise !!! More disagreement)

21. II. Foreign Affairs

22. Foreign Policy • French Revolution # 1 issue from 1792-1815, eventually became a world war (Reign of Terror => Napoleon) • Washington's Neutrality Proclamation (1793) • Proclaimed U.S. neutrality toward the war between Britain and France, set foreign policy precedent for next 125 years

23. Citizen Genet, 1793 • French envoy/ profiteer  undertook to entice  U.S. profiteers to outfit French ships and supply the French war cause; he recruited Americans • Washington demanded his withdrawal & Genet was replaced.

24. Jay’s Treaty (1794) • Averted war with Britain • 1. British renewed their pledge to remove their posts from U.S. soil (as in 1783) • 2. British consented to pay damages for recent seizures of American ships and US pay pre-Revolution debts to British Merchants • 3. British refused stop impressments • Significance: Most important immediate cause for formation of the Democratic-Republican party. 

25. Jay’s Treaty “Damn John Jay! Damn everyone that won’t damn John Jay! Damn everyone that won’t put lights in his window and sit up all night damning John Jay!

26. Pinckney Treaty of 1795 • Granted free navigation of the Mississippi River to the U.S. including right of deposit at the port city of New Orleans from Spain

27. Washington’s Farewell Address, 1796 • Stay away from political parties and foreign entangle-ments

28. Electoral Votes-1796

29. John Adams (Federalist), 1796-1800 • "Quasi-War" with France • French started to seize American ships as a reaction to Jay’s Treaty • Full-blown war seemed imminent; Adams kept U.S. out by the Convention of 1800, greatest accomplishment, yet hurt him politically

30. XYZ Affair, 1797  • Adams sent a delegation to Paris to discuss the conflict • U.S. delegates secretly approached by three French agents, "X,Y, & Z" • French demanded a large loan and a bribe of $250,000 for the privilege of talking to French foreign minister Talleyrand. • Negotiations broke down • War hysteria swept the U.S. • “Millions for defense, but not one cent for tribute”

32. Alien and Sedition Acts, 1798 • Purpose: Federalists passed a series of oppressive laws in 1798 that would reduce the power of Jeffersonians and silence anti-war opposition • Alien Acts- Raised residence requirements for U.S. citizenship from 5 yrs to 14 yrs. • Sedition Act-Anyone who impeded the policies of gov or falsely criticized its officials, including the president, would be liable to a heavy fine and imprisonment. (Free speech, 1st Amend?) • (Political, expired on March 4, 1801)

34. Matthew Lyon • Career was an example of emerging partisanship • Spat tobacco juice on Federalist Roger Griswold • After Lyon was not expelled from Congress, Griswold attacked Lyon with a cane • Lyon later wrote an article criticizing President Adams' 'continual grasp for power' and his 'unbounded thirst for ridiculous pomp, foolish adulation, and selfish avarice.‘ • Jailed for sedition, he spent the winter in a jail in Vermont and was denied heat and a window that would close and constantly was taunted, but won his re-election campaign for the House • Only man ever to win a Congressional election while in jail.

35. Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions, 1798 • Jefferson and Madison were the secret authors • Republicans believed States had right to nullify unconstitutional laws passed by Congress, Alien and Sedition acts were unconstitutional • Nullification:States had right to nullify unconstitutional laws passed by Congress • Compact theory – states made the Union and can leave when wants, final authority • Significance: Later used by Southerners to support secession

36. Let’s practice • http://www.raleighcharterhs.org/faculty/bnewmark/APUSH%20quizzes/Whichpoliticalparty.htm

37. Evaluate the relative importance of domestic and foreign affairs in shaping American politics in the 1790’s.

38. Intro • Background info on political parities • Framers of the Constitution did not foresee political parties arising • Factions: Federalists & Anti-Federalists • Thesis statement • The primary cause for the rise of Federalist and Republican political parities in American politics in the 1790’s was the divide over allegiance between Britain and France, while disagreements over Hamilton’s financial program further exasperated domestic tensions.

40. Foreign Affairs • British (Federalist) vs. French (Republican) • Washington (Fed) • Not side with French, Neutrality Proclamation, Citizen Genet • Jay’s Treaty- British • Adams (Fed) • XYZ Affair • Quasi Naval War with France

41. Domestic Affairs • Washington (Fed) • Hamilton’s Financial Program (Befat) • Bank #1, loose vs. strict constructionist • Whiskey Rebellion • Adams (Fed) • Alien & Sedition Acts • Virginia & Kentucky Resolutions

42. Conclusion • Washington’s Farewell Address: Stay away from Political Parities and Foreign Alliances • Revolution of 1800- Jefferson • Hartford kills off Federalists • Era of Good Feelings, 1815-1824, one party rule

43. To what extent was the election of 1800 aptly named the “Revolution of 1800”? Respond with references to TWO of the following areas: • Economics • Foreign Policy • Judiciary • Politics

44. Economics- Moderate • Before: Hamilton’s Financial Program (Befat) • Cut debt down in ½, Gallatin. slashed Navy & Army budgets • Revoked excise taxes, • Agrarian economy, buys LP land for them • Embargo Act, 1807- Rise of manufacturing • Long Run: Clay’s American System • Bank • Internal Improvements • Tariff, protectionist

45. Foreign Policy- Yes, big change • Before 1800, Fed Pro-British w/ Jay’s Treaty, Anti-French, XYZ Affair, Quasi-War • After 1800, more anti-British • Pro-French- Louisiana Purchase, Macon’s Bill # 2 • War 1812 • Impressment • Chespeake Incident- Embargo Act- Non-Intercourse Act • Invaded Canada

46. Judiciary- No Revolution, Marshall (Fed) Court in charge • Adams, midnight judges, stuffed the court • Jefferson attacked the courts, Samuel Chase • Marshall promoted federalist rights of a strong central gov. and business • TJ would prefer States nullify, Vir & Kent Res. • Marshall Cases: • Marbury v. Madison, judicial review • McCulloch v. Maryland- implied powers • Gibbons v. Ogden- right to regulate commerce • Fletcher v. Peck- right of contract • Dartmouth v. Woodward- right of contract

47. Politics- Yes • Peaceful transfer of power from Federalist • Federalist die off, Hartford Convention, never have a President again • TJ-Madison-Monroe • Controlled Congress too • Era of Good Feelings- One party rule

48. Essay hint • Although the power of the national government increased during the early republic, this development often faced serious opposition. Compare the motives and effectiveness of those opposed to the growing power of the national government in TWO of the following: • Whiskey Rebellion (1794) • Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions (1798-1799) • Hartford Convention (1814-1815)

49. How effective was the Constitution at solving the problems of the Articles of Confederation at governing a new nation? Please limit your answer from 1781 to 1800. • Evaluate the relative importance of domestic and foreign affairs in shaping American politics in the 1790’s. • Analyze the contributions of TWO of the following in helping establish a stable government after the adoption of the Constitution George Washington John Adams Thomas Jefferson

50. Essay hint • Although the power of the national government increased during the early republic, this development often faced serious opposition. Compare the motives and effectiveness of those opposed to the growing power of the national government in TWO of the following: • Whiskey Rebellion (1794) • Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions (1798-1799) • Hartford Convention (1814-1815)