1 / 43

A Hydrogen Economy

A Hydrogen Economy. Agenda. A Hydrogen Vision of the Future Hydrogen Systems Producing Hydrogen Storing and Transporting Hydrogen Hydrogen Fueled Transport Problems with Hydrogen The Promise of Hydrogen Hydrogen Summary. A Vision of a Hydrogen Future.

bond
Download Presentation

A Hydrogen Economy

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. A Hydrogen Economy

  2. Agenda • A Hydrogen Vision of the Future • Hydrogen Systems • Producing Hydrogen • Storing and Transporting Hydrogen • Hydrogen Fueled Transport • Problems with Hydrogen • The Promise of Hydrogen • Hydrogen Summary

  3. A Vision of a Hydrogen Future "I believe that water will one day be employed as fuel, that hydrogen and oxygen which constitute it, used singly or together, will furnish an inexhaustible source of heat and light, of an intensity of which coal is not capable. I believe then that when the deposits of coal are exhausted, we shall heat and warm ourselves with water. Water will be the coal of the future."  Jules Vernes (1870) L´île mystérieuse

  4. Hydrogen Economy Schematic

  5. Hydrogen Economy in Hong Kong http://www.gii.com.hk/eng/clean_energy.htm

  6. New Busses in China

  7. Hydrogen Fueling Station

  8. Hydrogen Systems

  9. Hydrogen Production Cycle Crabtree et al., “The Hydrogen Economy,” Physics Today, Dec 2004

  10. Operating the Hydrogen Economy Bossel et al., The Future of the Hydrogen Economy: Bright or Bleak?, Oct 28, 2004 http://www.oilcrash.com/articles/h2_eco.htm

  11. Hydrogen Economy Supply Chain

  12. Hydrogen Pathways http://www.ch2bc.org/index2.htm

  13. Advantages of a Hydrogen Economy • Waste product of burning H2 is water • Elimination of fossil fuel pollution • Elimination of greenhouse gases • Elimination of economic dependence • Distributed production http://www.howstuffworks.com/hydrogen-economy.htm

  14. Issues with Hydrogen • Not widely available on planet earth • Usually chemically combined in water or fossil fuels (must be separated) • Fossil fuel sources contribute to pollution and greenhouse gases • Electrolysis requires prodigious amounts of energy

  15. Technological Questions • Where does hydrogen come from? • How is it transported? • How is it distributed? • How is it stored? http://www.howstuffworks.com/hydrogen-economy.htm

  16. Producing Hydrogen

  17. Current Hydrogen Production Current hydrogen production 48% natural gas 30% oil 18% coal 4% electrolysis Global Production 50 million tonnes / yr Growing 10% / yr US Production 11 million tonnes / yr

  18. How is Hydrogen Produced? • Reforming fossil fuels • Heat hydrocarbons with steam • Produce H2 and CO • Electrolysis of water • Use electricity to split water into O2 and H2 • High Temperature Electrolysis • Experimental • Biological processes • Very common in nature • Experimental in laboratories http://www.howstuffworks.com/hydrogen-economy.htm

  19. Steam Reforming • From any hydrocarbon • Natural gas typically used • Water (steam) and hydrocarbon mixed at high temperature (700–1100 °C) • Steam (H2O) reacts with methane (CH4) • CH4 + H2O → CO + 3 H2 - 191.7 kJ/mol • The thermodynamic efficiency comparable to (or worse than) an internal combustion engine • Difficult to motivate investment in technology

  20. Electrolysis of Water (H2O) http://www.gm.com/company/gmability/edu_k-12/9-12/fc_energy/make_your_own_hydrogen_results.html

  21. Electrolysis of Water http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/thermo/electrol.html

  22. Renewable Energy for Electrolysis http://www.howstuffworks.com/hydrogen-economy4.htm

  23. Biomass Electrolysis Module http://www.nrel.gov/hydrogen/photos.html

  24. High Temperature Electrolysis • Electrolysis at high temperatures • Use less energy to split water http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen_economy

  25. Biological H2 Creation Nature has very simple methods to split water Scientists are working to mimic these processes in the lab; then commercially Crabtree et al., “The Hydrogen Economy,” Physics Today, Dec 2004

  26. Storing & Transporting Hydrogen

  27. Hydrogen Storage • Storage a major difficulty with hydrogen • H2 has low energy density per volume • Requires large tanks to store • H2 can be compressed to reduce volume • Requires heavy, strong tanks • H2 can be liquefied to reduce volume • Boils at -423 °F (cryogenic) • Requires heavily insulated, expensive tanks • Both compression and liquefaction require a lot of energy

  28. Ammonia Storage • H2 can be stored as ammonia (NH3) • Exceptionally high hydrogen densities • Ammonia very common chemical • Large infrastructure already exists • Easily reformed to produce hydrogen • No harmful waste • BUT • Ammonia production is energy intensive • Ammonia is a toxic gas

  29. Metal Hydride Storage • Metal hydrides can carry hydrogen • Boron, lithium, sodium • Good energy density, but worse than gas • Volumes much larger than gasoline • Three times more volume • Four times heavier • Hydrides can react violently with water • Leading contenders • Sodium Borohydride • Lithium Aluminum Hydride • Ammonia Borane

  30. Alkali Prod. Energy vs. Instrinsic Energy Energy needed to produce alkali metal hydrides relative to the energy content of the liberated hydrogen. Bossel et al., The Future of the Hydrogen Economy: Bright or Bleak?, Oct 28, 2004 http://www.oilcrash.com/articles/h2_eco.htm

  31. Transporting Hydrogen

  32. Storing & Transporting Hydrogen • Store and Transport as a Gas • Bulky gas • Compressing H2 requires energy • Compressed H2 has far less energy than the same volume of gasoline • Store and Transport as a Solid • Sodium Borohydride • Calcium Hydride • Lithium Hydride • Sodium Hydride http://www.howstuffworks.com/hydrogen-economy.htm

  33. Hydrogen Fueled Transport

  34. Hydrogen-Powered Autos

  35. Hydrogen-Powered Autos http://planetforlife.com/h2/h2vehicle.html

  36. Hydrogen-Powered Trucks http://planetforlife.com/h2/h2vehicle.html

  37. Hydrogen-Powered Aircraft Hydrogen powered passenger aircraft with cryogenic tanks along spine of fuselage. Hydrogen fuel requires about 4 times the volume of standard jet fuel (kerosene). http://planetforlife.com/h2/h2vehicle.html http://aix.meng.auth.gr/lhtee/projects/cryoplane/

  38. Hydrogen-Powered Rockets http://planetforlife.com/h2/h2vehicle.html

  39. Implications of Hydrogen Transport http://planetforlife.com/h2/h2swiss.html

  40. The Promise of Hydrogen

  41. UNIDO-ICHET Projection UNITED NATIONS INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT ORGANIZATIONINTERNATIONAL CENTRE FOR HYDROGEN ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES http://www.unido-ichet.org/ICHET-transition.php

  42. The Iceland Example • Iceland committed to be the first hydrogen economy • 2050 goal • Will use geothermal resources to create hydrogen • Power autos, buses, and fishing fleet with hydrogen http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen_economy

  43. The Hydrogen NanoHorn • If this is developed, we will have a hydrogen economy. • Aleutian Island wind turbines to generate hydrogen via electrolysis

More Related