Chapter 10: World War I (the Great War) 1914-1920

1. Chapter 10:World War I (the Great War)1914-1920

2. Key Vocabulary Terms • Militarism – the belief that a nation needs a large military force • Central Powers – Austria-Hungary, Germany, Ottoman Empire, Bulgaria • Allied Powers (Allies) – Serbia, Russia, France, Great Britain, Italy, and seven other countries • Trench warfare – tunnels dug to protect soldiers during battle, often rat infested

3. U-boats – German submarines • Woodrow Wilson – U.S. President during WWI • Neutrality – refusing to take sides in a war • Zimmerman telegram – a German telegram trying to get Mexico to join the Central Powers, in return Germany would help Mexico reclaim its “lost” territories of Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona • John J. Pershing – U.S. General in France • American Expeditionary Force (AEF) – a separate U.S. force fighting in WWI

4. Convoy system – a heavy guard of destroyers escort merchant ships across the Atlantic in groups, trying to avoid U-boat attacks • Second Battle of the Marne – turning point of the war, summer 1918 • Armistice – an end to fighting • War bonds – civilians loan money to the gov't, in return they get interest back • Propaganda – advertising trying to influence opinions and actions of others • Espionage and Sedition Acts – illegal to criticize the war, fines and prison time

5. Great Migration – 500,000 African Americans moved to the North to escape poverty and violence between 1910 and 1920 • League of Nations – international organization to solve differences through negotiation • Fourteen Points – President Wilson's speech to Congress about his plans for peace • Treaty of Versailles – peace treaty formally ending WWI, blamed Germany for the war • Reparations – money paid by the losing country of a war to pay for the destruction • Red Scare – panic from fear of communism

6. WWI Timeline • 1914 – Archduke Ferdinand assassinated (WWI begins) and Panama Canal opens • 1915 – Lusitania sunk by German U-boat • 1916 – Wilson reelected • 1917 – Wilson asks Congress to declare war on Germany • 1918 – Wilson suggests League of Nations, Russia withdraws from WWI, Allies win war • 1919 – Treaty of Versailles is signed

7. Causes of WWI • The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary and his wife started the Great War, or World War I, but it had four other main causes: • Imperialism – Britain, France, Italy and Germany wanted to expand their territories • Nationalism – Europeans were very proud, loyal, and protective of their own countries and wanted to prove they were the best

8. Militarism – belief that a country needs a strong military, major powers built up their armies and navies • Alliances – relying on others to come to your aid in a time of need, most countries in Europe had alliances so any small incident could start a large-scale war • Two groups of alliances formed: • Central Powers – Austria-Hungary, Germany, Ottoman Empire, and Bulgaria • Allied Powers (Allies) – Serbia, Russia, France, Great Britain, Italy, and others

9. Trench Warfare • Trench warfare helped to protect the soldiers by keeping them partially covered but also made the fighting last longer • Trenches were often rat infested • Even though millions of lives were lost at battles like the Marne and the Somme, each side only gained a few miles of territory • Trenches stretched for miles across Europe

10. New Technology • Tanks were invented by the British which could crash through barbed wire and roll over trenches • Machine guns helped soldiers fire over 600 bullets per minute • Poison gases were used by both sides and killed or injured thousands of soldiers • U-boats (submarines) were invented by Germany which allowed them to sneak attack other ships in the water

11. Lusitania • The British ship the Lusitania was sunk while carrying ammunition for the Allies and American citizens • Germany had warned Americans not to travel on the ocean – U-boat attacks

12. Neutrality Turns To War • President Woodrow Wilson had announced a policy of neutrality for the U.S. in the war • Germany sent a coded telegram to Mexico asking them to join the Central Powers, but the British found the message and warned the United States • With the sinking of the Lusitania and the Zimmerman Telegram, he decided the U.S. needed to defend themselves

13. Americans Join the Allies • Russians had withdrawn from the Allied Powers and the Germans (Central Powers) were winning • In 1918, over one million U.S. troops went to help the French fight against the Germans • Second Battle of the Marne was the turning point of the war, the Allies were able to push the Germans back and take control of the war • By November 1918, Germans stopped fighting, the Kaiser stepped down, and they signed an armistice (11a.m., 11/11)

14. Home Front • Life at home changed when men left jobs to fight in Europe • Women began working in factories and railroad freight yards, they also grew “victory gardens” which allowed more food to be sent to the soldiers • School children gathered materials that were used to make war goods and rolled bandages for injured soldiers

15. Advertising and Suspicion • President Wilson made a committee to create war supporters, they made suggestive advertisements called propaganda – posters to encourage support for the war and war efforts • The Espionage and Sedition Acts were a result of suspicion of German people and products • These laws made it illegal to criticize the war or help draft resisters (avoiding war), long prison terms and large fines

16. Great Migration • African Americans moved from the South to Northern factories to find jobs • They were also leaving discrimination, poverty, and racial violence • Between 1910 and 1920, 500,000 African Americans moved from the South to cities like New York, Chicago, Detroit, Cleveland, and St. Louis • The Southwest was also growing during this time, Mexicans were looking for work and escaping a revolution in Mexico

17. Legacy of World War I • President Wilson gave a speech of his ideas for peace, it was named for the fourteen points he had • The last of Wilson's points was to create an international peace keeping organization, which was created and called the League of Nations • The Treaty of Versailles formally ended the war and placed all of the blame on Germany, it also required them to pay reparations – money to repay the winners

18. Tension Builds...Again • Germany grew angry over the Treaty of Versailles over the next few years • Labor strikes in the United States after the war created a fear of communist activities and a fear of communism called the Red Scare • Palmer raids were going on all over, police would barge in looking for radicals • African Americans that fought in WWI came home to find they still had no respect or equality in the country they fought for