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2011-12 LINGUA INGLESE 1 modulo B Introduction to English Linguistics prof. Hugo Bowles. Lesson 5 Word formation. CLASSIFYING MORPHOLOGY. swim. CONVERSION when a word changes its word class to swim (verb) a swim (noun). CONVERSION. to rain rain to bicycle a bicycle
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2011-12 LINGUA INGLESE 1 modulo BIntroduction to English Linguisticsprof. Hugo Bowles Lesson 5 Word formation
swim • CONVERSION • when a word changes its word class to swim (verb) a swim (noun)
CONVERSION • to rain rain • to bicycle a bicycle • to cheat a cheat
NATO, CNN • INITIALISMS see slide 21 ff.
ping-pong, teeny-weeny • REDUPLICATION • a lexeme with two identical, or very similar, constituents
motel, brunch, heliport • BLENDING • when a word is made out of shortened forms of other words • BR-eakfast + l-UNCH = BRUNCH
motel heliport mo-tor? + ho-tel heli-copter + air-port BLENDING
gas • CLIPPING • when a word of more than one syllable is reduced to a shorter form gasoline gas
burger deli mike hamburger delicatessen microphone CLIPPING
edit, televise, demo • BACK FORMATION • When a word of one type is reduced to form a word of a different type editor edit
BACK FORMATION • television televise • demonstration demo
Aussie • HYPOCORISM • A longer word is reduced to a single syllable and then -y or -ie is added • Australian Auss + -ie Aussie
HYPOCORISM • moving picture move + ie movie
quack, woof • ONOMATOPEIA • When a word is created to sound like the thing it names
Darwinian • EPONYM • when a word is derived from the name of a person
EPONYMY • Buzz Lightyear is derived from Buzz Aldrin the astronaut • Garibaldi biscuits were marketed in England after Garibaldi’s visit (and you can still buy them)
nylon, aspirin • COINAGE • the invention of a totally new word This often occurs with scientific names and trade names of new products
Quiz (1) • vet = clipping • fantabulous = blending (fantastic + fabulous) • Google = coinage (a new invention) • to Google (vb) = conversion from Google (noun) • doc = clipping (from doctor) • zig-zag =reduplication • fahrenheit = eponym
Quiz (2) • ‘Sob!’ = onomatopeia • hankie = hypocorism • AIDS = acronymy • to biograph = back-formation from biography (noun) • infotainment = blending (information + entertainment) • to party = conversion from party (noun)
INITIALISMS Acronymy • When the form is pronounced as a single word (NATO, AIDS) Alphabetism • When the form is pronounced by its letters (BBC, CNN)
INITIALISMS IN TEXT MESSAGES (1) • Initials used as WORDS y Why? q Queue ruok Are you OK? cu See you
INITIALISMS IN TEXT MESSAGES (2) • Initials used for elements in COMPOUND WORDS gf girlfriend dl download w/e weekend
INITIALISMS IN TEXT MESSAGES (3) • Initials used for words in PHRASES cwot complete waste of time imo in my opinion np no problem
INITIALISMS IN TEXT MESSAGES (4) • Initials used for words in ELLIPTICAL or WHOLE SENTENCES lol Laughing out loud jk Just kidding swdyt So what do you think? cmb Call me back
INITIALISMS IN TEXT MESSAGES (5) • Initials used for words in EXCLAMATIONS omg Oh my God! Yyssw Yeah, yeah, sure, sure, whatever !
Calques - loan translations • from skyscraper to grattaciel • from ubermensch to superman • from hot dogs to perros calientes • from boyfriend to boifurendo
Other types of semantic change • euphemism • politically correct language
a long illness economical with the truth adult video industrial action cancer liar pornography strike Euphemism
Politically correct language • Political correctness (often abbreviated to PC) is a term used to describe language or behaviour that is intended to provide a minimum of offence, particularly to racial, cultural, or other identity groups. A text that conforms to the ideals of political correctness is said to be politically correct.