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Carbohydrates, Lipids and Nucleic Acids

Carbohydrates, Lipids and Nucleic Acids. “Organic”. Referring to living organisms Contain carbon and at least one hydrogen. Carbon forms 4 covalent bonds. Carbon forms branched, linear and ringed molecules. Macromolecules are formed by….

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Carbohydrates, Lipids and Nucleic Acids

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  1. Carbohydrates, Lipids and Nucleic Acids

  2. “Organic” • Referring to living organisms • Contain carbon and at least one hydrogen

  3. Carbon forms 4 covalent bonds

  4. Carbon forms branched, linear and ringed molecules.

  5. Macromolecules are formed by… • Polymerization – combining monomers to form long chains (polymers)

  6. 4 Organic Compounds (Macromolecules) • Carbohydrates • Lipids • Nucleic Acids • Proteins

  7. Carbohydrates • Energy sources • Form structural compounds • Contain C, H, O (usually have 1:2:1 ratio) – (CH2O)n • Example: C6H12O6

  8. Carbohydrates • Monomers = “Monosaccharides” • Ex: • Glucose (quick energy source) • Fructose (in fruits) • Galactose (in milk)

  9. Glucose and Galactose

  10. Glucose and Fructose

  11. Isomers • Molecules with the same formula but different 3D structures

  12. Disaccharides – “Two sugars” • Sucrose • Lactose • Maltose

  13. Dehydration Synthesis • When two molecules are bonded together by removing a water molecule

  14. Hydrolysis • When two molecules are separated by adding a water molecule • http://academic.cengage.com/biology/discipline_content/animations/reaction_types.html

  15. Digestion Enzymes • Maltase digests maltose • Lactasedigests lactose • Sucrase digests sucrose

  16. Extra sugar is stored as polysaccharides. Polysaccharides are made from monosaccharides. Polysaccharides – “Many Sugars”

  17. Starch • Polysaccharide that stores sugar in plants

  18. Glycogen • Polysaccharide that stores extra sugar in animals\ • Supplies energy for muscle contractions • Released by liver when blood sugar is low

  19. Cellulose • Polysaccharide that composes cell wall in plants

  20. Lipids (fats, oils, and waxes) • Uses: • Long-term energy storage • Insulation • Waterproof covering • Formation of membranes • Chemical messengers (steroids)

  21. Lipids • Contain mostly H and C • Not soluble in water (nonpolar)

  22. Types of Lipids: • Triglycerides • Saturated • Unsaturated • Phospholipids • Waxes • Steroids

  23. Aglycerol molecule combines with three fatty acids. http://users.uma.maine.edu/SusanBaker/triglyceride.html . Triglyceride formation

  24. Saturated vs. Unsaturated

  25. Monounsaturated

  26. Polyunsaturated

  27. Cis versus trans • Cis – both of the groups of atoms are oriented on the same side or the double bond • Trans – the groups of atoms are oriented so that one is up and the other down relative to the double bond.

  28. Cis and trans fats (note the bends)

  29. Cis-2-butene and trans-2-butene • Examples

  30. Trans fats • Trans fat does not bend • Acts like saturated

  31. Trans fats – source? • Plants and animals do not produce trans fats • Beef and milk do have some trans fat from bacteria that help them digest • Most trans fats come from processed vegetable fats • Partial hydrogenation or extended heating causes cis bonds to become trans bonds

  32. And the problem is? • Trans fats (or hydrogenated fats) raise cholesterol, • Possible link with type 2 diabetes • Possible link with breast and colon cancer • Brain cell membranes (trans replaces cis in myelin sheath); affects neuron communication

  33. Steroids – special lipids • Cholesterol • Sex hormones • Birth control pills • Cortisone • Anabolic steroids

  34. Store and transmit hereditary information Contain H, C, N, O, P Monomers = nucleotides Examples: DNA RNA ATP Nucleic Acids

  35. ATP Components • Adenine • Ribose • 3 Phosphates

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