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Carbohydrates, Lipids, Nucleic Acids

Biochemistry. Carbohydrates, Lipids, Nucleic Acids. Four major Categories of Organic Molecules. Proteins Carbohydrates Lipids Nucleic Acids. Carbohydrates. Have C, H, O in 1:2:1 ratio Mono saccharides (smallest, simple sugars ) Ex: glucose, fructose, ribose Di saccharides

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Carbohydrates, Lipids, Nucleic Acids

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  1. Biochemistry Carbohydrates, Lipids, Nucleic Acids

  2. Four major Categories of Organic Molecules • Proteins • Carbohydrates • Lipids • Nucleic Acids

  3. Carbohydrates • Have C, H, O in 1:2:1 ratio • Monosaccharides • (smallest, simple sugars) • Ex: glucose, fructose, ribose • Disaccharides • (Short, made of two monosaccharides) Sucrose

  4. Carbohydrates • PolysaccharidesMany sugar monomers bonded (mostly glucose) • Cellulose In plants; support • Starch (amylose) In plants: food storage • Glycogen In animals muscles/liver, energy storage • Chitin Exoskeleton of insects; in some fungi

  5. Starch: a chain of Glucoses

  6. A note about some big molecules: • Some very large molecules are actually built out of small, repeating units. • Ex: This (**************************)is made up of a bunch of these: (*) • The repeating units are referred to as MONOMERS. The large molecule is a POLYMER • So, starch is a polymer made of monomers called _______________ .

  7. Dehydration Synthesis Molecule 1 2 3 enzyme action at functional groups New molecule Water molecules removed Fig. 3.4a, p. 37

  8. HYDROLYSIS: Separating molecules enzyme action at functional groups Fig. 3.4b, p. 37

  9. Lipids • Any substance – fatty, greasy, oily, or waxy • Made of C,H, & less O than in carbs • Insoluble in water; nonpolar

  10. Fatty Acids • Carbon backbone (up to 36 C atoms)

  11. linolenic acid stearic acid oleic acid Three types of Fatty Acids:saturated, unsaturated, polyunsaturated

  12. Fatty Acids • Carbon backbone (up to 36 C atoms) • Saturated - Single bonds between carbons & holding maximum # of hydrogens • Unsaturated - One or more double bonds in carbon chain. (C=C)

  13. Fats Glycerol • Fatty acid(s) attached to glycerol • Triglycerides most common

  14. Phospholipids • Main components of cell membranes

  15. Sterols • Cholesterol - most common in animals • Produced in liver; consumed in diet (meat, dairy products, etc.) • Found in cell membranes (stiffens) & brains Steroids • Type of sterol • Four carbon rings

  16. Cholesterol – LDL (Bad) Forms Plaque

  17. Waxes • Firm consistency, repel water • Important in water-proofing

  18. Nucleic Acids • 2 major types of nucleic acids in living things: • DNA – deoxyribonucleic acid contains/transmits genetic information • RNA – ribonucleic acid functions in the making of proteins (protein synthesis)

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