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Languages in Contact

Languages in Contact. Results of Bilingualism & Multilingualism. Language Choice. Asymmetric principle of multilingualism Some languages are more valued than another

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Languages in Contact

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  1. Languages in Contact

  2. Results of Bilingualism & Multilingualism

  3. Language Choice Asymmetric principle of multilingualism Some languages are more valued than another The larger the number of desired roles a language enables its speakers to play in a given society, the higher its place on the hierarchy & vice versa.

  4. Diglossia

  5. Diglossia It is said to exist where there are two varieties with distinct functions- a prestige (or H) form used in formal settings and in writing, and a L form used in everyday informal communication. There are very clear differences in the functional load of the two varieties. (Ferguson, 1959)

  6. Examples-Diglossia

  7. 1. Specialized Functions

  8. Differences in H and L forms 2.Prestige 3.Literary Tradition 4.Acquisition 5.Standardization

  9. Borrowing • Words borrowed from one language to another

  10. Convergence A lot of change in the vocabulary, grammar, pronunciation and meaning of words in the languages

  11. Sprachbunds or linguistic areas • Geographical proximity between different language communities with slow spread of features across languages.

  12. Lingua Franca A helping language, partially developed, that is employed over an extensive area by people speaking different languages in order to communicate.

  13. Other Outcomes • In colonial settings, long-term contact between European and indigenous language led to the creation of ‘New Englishes’such as ‘Singlish’ and ‘Pringlish’. • No limit to what speakers of different languages will borrow or transfer from each other.

  14. CODE MIXING & CODE SWITCHING

  15. Code Switching • When two or more languages exist in a community, speakers frequently switch from one language to another. This is known as code switching. • It is functionally motivated • It is governed by a ‘grammar of consequences’

  16. Code Switching Hey there how are you? Am fine, long time no see, aur bolo kyahaalchal? Sabtheekhaiyaar, bas am a little busy these days. Okay, how’s your worklife? Cool yaar, sabtheekhai, achahai.

  17. Types of code switching Situational Code Switch • The switch is in response to a change in situation. Eg. When a participant enters the scene.

  18. Situational Code Switching( Change in Participant) • Girl: Mom, Where is Rasheeda? • Mom: I don’t know. (Rasheeda, the maid, enters the room) • Girl: HaanRasheeda, Jaakarmerakamrasaafkaro.

  19. Types of code switching Situational Code Switch • The switch is in response to a change in situation. Eg. When a participant enters the scene. OR To a change in the topic of conversation or the setting.

  20. Situational Code Switching(Change in Topic) (Ali goes to take help of a professor through a reference.) • Ali: Asalamalikum. • Professor: Walikumasalam. Kia haalhai Ali? Gharmeinsabkaisehain? • Ali: Sabtheekhain, Allah ka Shukar. Sir, I was wondering if you can help me with this research project. • Professor: Oh sure, what is it about?

  21. Types of code switching Metaphorical Code Switch The switch has a stylistic or textual function Eg. To signal a quotation, to mark emphasis, to indicate the punch line of a joke, or to signal a change in the tone from the serious to the comic.

  22. Metaphorical Code Switching( to emphasize) • Mother to her children: Well, Come here! Put these away, both of you now! (children don’t respond) IdharAaotumduno!

  23. Metaphorical Code Switching(To signal a quote) • For the way he has fought for his rights consistently, Us ko to sher ka bachayamard ka bachakehnachahiye.

  24. Code Mixing • A common mode of code switching is switching of languages within sentences, referred to as code mixing.

  25. Code Mixing Yeh train ka time change ho gayahaikia?

  26. Code Mixing and Borrowing • Borrowing is usually restricted to single set words; Code Mixing is done with phrases as well. • Borrowing can be done by monolinguals as well; for code mixing the speaker has to be a bilingual • Mostly nouns are borrowed; Code mixing can be done with any part of speech

  27. Reasons for code switching- code mixing • Both serve the same function • Identity marking • Neutrality

  28. What type of Code switching/Code mixing?

  29. No one at the CCB was willing to say anything except that ‘is ka order ooper se ayahai’.

  30. Both of them are unhurt Khudakey fazalsey, but Shazia has become paralyzed.

  31. Hassan go and open the door. TumSajidajakarchaeybanao.

  32. My unbending procrastination is one thing that repels the beauty of the world but they say ‘sabar ka phalmeetha’

  33. As they turned to me, I shrugged my shoulder with a ‘Bhaidekh lo, I am not carrying your purse’

  34. I was badly stuck in work; anyhow, tumsunaotumhara trip kaisatha?

  35. The whole thing is key bhaiyasab se badarupaiya.

  36. Their response, ‘ I think you are right madam,’ said a young man, city life and modern education makes men very beghairat.

  37. Bus we reached there in time,butno body was there to receive us.

  38. What is the reason for Code Switching/Code Mixing?

  39. Very soon, I will be a big star in Bollywood.Main naumeednahinhoungi.

  40. I got looks from them all and then a couple said aapaagayaajaein.

  41. AtifAminfeels that to some extend visiting therapists is an ameeron ka nakhra.

  42. He is set to release some very interesting films, which he describes as happy-go-lucky movies. Aapkopatahaiaajkal happy films ka zamanahai.

  43. My colleagues kept worrying that piracy ho rahi hay we should stop it; I kept saying, "hooney do".

  44. I cannot make new friends. Main buri, mairidaustiburi. That’s all.

  45. I have to go wahnabhi, at any cost.

  46. And an old friend of hers, a female writer, was so infuriated on being referred to as a ‘Cycle walilarki’ that she broke relations with her for good.

  47. Publications have just become catalogues and designers have become shadi ka jora mills, not aiming to produce delicate pieces any more.

  48. Talk about ‘lakkarhazam, patharhazam’, they deserve a better deal, if only for their patience in eating such swill day after day.

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