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THE JEFFERSON ERA

THE JEFFERSON ERA. THE ELECTION OF 1800. FEDERALIST NOMINATE JOHN ADAMS AND CHARLES PICKNEY DEMOCRATIC REPUBLICANS NOMINATE THOMAS JEFFERSON AND AARON BURR BOTH JEFFERSON AND BURR RECEIVE 73 ELECTORAL COLLEGE VOTES GOES TO THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES 35 VOTES

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THE JEFFERSON ERA

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  1. THE JEFFERSON ERA

  2. THE ELECTION OF 1800 • FEDERALIST NOMINATE JOHN ADAMS AND CHARLES PICKNEY • DEMOCRATIC REPUBLICANS NOMINATE THOMAS JEFFERSON AND AARON BURR • BOTH JEFFERSON AND BURR RECEIVE 73 ELECTORAL COLLEGE VOTES • GOES TO THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES • 35 VOTES • ALEXANDER HAMILTON CONVINCES ONE FEDERALIST TO VOTE FOR JEFFERSON • JEFFERSON PRESIDENT BURR V.P.

  3. REVOLUTION OF 1800 • IS CALLED THE REVOLUTION OF 1800 BECAUSE WE HAD A CHANGE OF POWER FROM THE FEDERALIST TO DEMOCRATIC-REPUBLICANS • WAS THE FIRST PEACEFUL TRANSITION OF GOVERNMENT IN THE U.S.

  4. 12TH AMENDMENT • AFTER THE TIE IN 1800 CONGRESS PASSED THE 12TH AMENDMENT • CALLED FOR A SEPARATE BALLOT VOTE FOR PRESIDENT AND V.P.

  5. JEFFERSON’S INAUGURATION • MARCH 4, 1801 JEFFERSON IS SWORN IN • JOHN ADAMS SLIPPED OUT OF TOWN SO HE DID NOT HAVE TO WATCH • JEFFERSON SAID WE ARE ALL REPUBLICANS AND WE ARE ALL FEDERALIST • BELIEVED IN SMALL GOVERNMENT AND STATES RIGHTS • STATES COULD BETTER PROTECT THE FREEDOM OF THE PEOPLE

  6. REDUCING THE POWER AND SIZE OF THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT • FRENCH PHILOSOPHY OF LAISSEZ-FAIRE • LET (PEOPLE) DO (AS THEY CHOOSE) • BELIEVED THE STRENGTH OF THE U.S. WAS THE INDEPENDENT FARMERS • AS LONG AS PEOPLE OWNED LAND THEY WOULD PRESERVE THE REPUBLIC

  7. JEFFERSON’S CABINET • JAMES MADISON SECRETARY OF STATE • ALBERT GALLATIN SECRETARY OF TREASURY • ALLOWED ALIEN AND SEDITION ACTS TO EXPIRE • REPEALED THE NATURALIZATION ACT • THESE WERE THREATS TO INDIVIDUAL LIBERTY • CUT THE ARMY BY 1/3 • REDUCED THE NAVY FROM 25 SHIPS TO 7

  8. LOWERED THE NATIONAL DEBT • REPEALED ALL INTERNAL TAXES (WHISKEY TAX) • BY 1801 FEDERAL GOVERNMENT HAD A FEW HUNDRED PEOPLE • JEFFERSON BELIEVED THE GOVERNMENT SHOULD • DELIVER THE MAIL • COLLECT TAXES ON IMPORTS • CONDUCT A CENSUS EVERY 10 YEARS

  9. JUDICIARY ACT OF 1801 • FEDERALIST CONTROLLED THE CONGRESS • ESTABLISHED REGIONAL COURTS WITH 16 JUDGES • ALSO MANY OTHER JUDICIAL POSITIONS • ADAMS RUSHED TO NOMINATE AND THE SENATE TO APPROVE • FEDERALIST WOULD CONTROL THE COURTS • ADAMS ASK JOHN MARSHALL TO BE CHIEF JUSTICE • JEFFERSON BECAME PRESIDENT MARCH 4, 1801

  10. HE TOLD SECRETARY OF STATE JAMES MADISON TO STOP DELIVERY OF COMMISSIONS • ONE COMMISSION WAS TO WILLIAM MARBURY • MARBURY SUES DIRECTLY TO THE SUPREME COURT • SAYS COURT HAS THE AUTHORITY AS A RESULT OF THE JUDICIARY ACT OF 1789

  11. MARBURY v MADISON • CHIEF JUSTICE MARSHAL WRITES THE OPINION • SAYS THE CONSTITUTION DOES NOT GIVE THE COURT THE JURISDICTION • ESTABLISHES THE PRECEDENT OF JUDICIAL REVIEW

  12. PRINCIPLES OF JUDICIAL REVIEW • THE CONSTITUTION IS THE SUPREME LAW OF THE LAND • WHEN THERE IS A CONFLICT BETWEEN THE CONSTITUTION AND ANY OTHER LAW, THE CONSTITUTION MUST BE FOLLOWED • THE JUDICIAL BRANCH HAS THE DUTY TO UPHOLD THE CONSTITUTION

  13. MARSHAL EXTENDED THE POWER OF THE COURTS • HE ALSO BROADENED FEDERAL POWER AT THE STATE’S EXPENSE

  14. McCULLOCH v MARYLAND (1819) • COURT UPHELD THE ELASTIC CLAUSE • ALLOWS CONGRESS TO DO MORE THAN THE CONSTITUTION SAYS

  15. GIBBONS v OGDEN • FEDERAL LAWS TAKE PRECEDENCE OVER STATE LAWS IN INTERSTATE TRANSPORATION

  16. THE WESTERN TERRITORY • PIONEERS MOVED INTO TENNESSEE AND KENTUCKY • ALSO THE NORTHWEST TERRITORIES • THE U.S STRETCHED ONLY TO THE MISSISSIPPI RIVER • SPAIN OWNED THE LOUISIANA TERRITORY AND THE PORT OF NEW ORLEANS • FARMERS DEPENDED ON THIS FOR TRADE

  17. IN 1802 SPAIN REFUSED THE AMERICANS THE RIGHT TO USE NEW ORLEANS • JEFFERSON LEARNED THAT SPAIN HAD TRANSFERRED OWNERSHIP TO FRANCE • FRANCE’S LEADER NAPOLEAN BONAPARTE HAD PLANS FOR A WORLD EMPIRE • THIS POSED A THREAT TO THE U.S. • JEFFERSON SENDS ROBERT LIVINGSTON TO FRANCE TO BUY NEW ORLEANS FOR $10 MILLION

  18. A SLAVE REVOLT IN SANTO DOMINGO CAUSED FRANCE TO GIVE UP ON NORTH AMERICA • LED BY TOUSSAINT-LOUVERTURE • CHANGED THE NAME BACK TO HAITI • FRENCH NOW AGREE TO SELL LOUISIANA TO THE U.S.

  19. THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE • BOUGHT FROM FRANCE IN 1803 • COST THE U.S. $15 MILLION • 3 CENTS AN ACRE • DOUBLED THE SIZE OF THE UNITED STATES • JEFFERSON DECIDED HIS TREATY MAKING POWERS MADE IT CONSTITUTIONAL

  20. LEWIS AND CLARK EXPEDITION • JEFFERSON WANTS TO EXPLORE THE NEW TERRITORY OF LOUISIANA • CHOOSES MERIWETHER LEWIS AND WILLIAM CLARK TO LEAD THE EXPEDITION • LEFT ST. LOUIS SPRING OF 1804 • TRAVELED UP THE MISSOURI RIVER • MET UP WITH SACAGAWEA ALONG THE WAY • 18 MONTHS AND 4,000 MILES LATER THEY REACHED THE PACIFIC OCEAN

  21. PROVED THERE WAS NO NORTHWEST PASSAGE • DISCOVERED MANY NEW PLANTS, ANIMALS AND NATIVE POPULATIONS

  22. ZEBULON PIKE EXPEDITION • EXPLORED THE SOUTHWEST 1805-1807 • DISCOVERED A SNOW COVERED PEAK • WAS CAPTURED BY THE SPANISH

  23. FEDERALIST PLAN TO SECEDE • FEDERALIST OPPOSE THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE • FEARED THE NEW TERRITORY WOULD BECOME REPUBLICAN • GROUP IN MASSACHUSETTS PLAN TO SECEDE • FORM THE NORTHERN CONFEDERACY • NEEDED NEW YORK’S SUPPORT • TURNED TO AARON BURR TO RUN FOR GOVERNOR IN 1804 • HAMILTON ACCUSED BURR OF PLOTTING TREASON

  24. BURR LOST THE ELECTION • CHALLENGES HAMILTON TO A DUEL • HAMILTON SAID HE WOULD NOT SHOOT • BURR DID AND KILLED HAMILTON • FEDERALIST LOOSE SUPPORT OF THE AMERICAN PEOPLE

  25. TROUBLE ON THE HIGH SEAS • BY 1800 THE U.S. HAD 1,000 MERCHANT SHIPS • BARBARY PIRATES WERE NOTORIOUS FOR CAPTURING SHIPS OFF THE COAST OF TRIPOLI • RULER OF TRIPOLI DEMANDED TRIBUTE • JEFFERSON REFUSES • 1804 PIRATES SEIZE THE U.S. WARSHIP THE PHILADELPHIA

  26. STEPHEN DECATUR SNEAKS IN AND BURNS THE SHIP • DECLARED A NAVAL HERO • 1805 A TREATY IS NEGOTIATED • U.S. PAYS 60,000 DOLLARS FOR THE RETURN OF OUR SAILORS

  27. EMBARGO ACT OF1807 • CAUSED BY IMPRESSMENT OF AMERICAN SAILORS • ATTACKS ON U.S. SHIPPING • JEFFERSON ISSUES THE EMBARGO ACT • BANNED IMPORTS AND EXPORTS WITH ALL FOREIGN COUNTRIES • HOPED TO HURT BRITAIN AND FRANCE • WAS A DISASTER FOR U.S. ECONOMY • REPEALED BY CONGRESS 1809

  28. ELECTION OF 1808 • REPUBLICANS NOMINATE JAMES MADISON • FEDERALIST CHARLES PICKNEY • MADISON 122 ELECTORAL VOTES • PICKNEY 47 ELECTORAL VOTES

  29. CALL FOR WAR • WHEN MADISON TAKES OFFICE THERE IS A DESIRE BY MANY AMERICANS FOR WAR • NOT ONLY WERE AMERICAN SHIPS BEING CAPTURED • THERE WAS TROUBLE IN THE WEST • A SHAWNEE CHIEF NAMED TECUSEH AND HIS BROTHER THE PROPHET WERE A POWERFUL FORCE IN THE FRONTIER

  30. WERE SUPPORTED BY THE BRITISH • WILLIAM HENRY HARRISON DECIDES TO ATTACK PROPHETSTOWN • KNOWN AS THE BATTLE OF TIPPECANOE • THE PROPHET WAS DEFEATED • SETTLERS NOW WANT TO GO ON TO CANADA

  31. WAR HAWKS • 1810 YOUNG REPUBLICANS ARE ASKING FOR WAR WITH BRITAIN • HENRY CLAY OF KENTUCKY AND JOHN C. CALHOUN FROM SOUTH CAROLINA ARE LEADERS • THEIR SENSE OF NATIONALISM LEADS TO NEW AMERICAN PATRIOTISM • CONGRESS QUADRUPLES THE SIZE OF THE ARMY • FEDERALIST OPPOSE WAR

  32. SPRING OF 1812 MADISON ASKED FOR A DECLARATION OF WAR AGAINST BRITAIN • ENGLAND HAD ALREADY DECIDED TO END THEIR POLICY OF SIEZING AMERICAN SHIPS • WAR MACHINE COULD NOT BE STOPPED

  33. THE WAR OF 1812 • OLIVER HAZARD PERRY DEFEATS THE BRITISH NAVY ON LAKE ERIE • TECUMSEH IS KILLED AT THE BATTLE OF THAMES • AMERICANS BURN PARLIAMENT BUILDING IN TORONTO • BRITISH ATTACK AND BURN WASHINGTON D.C.

  34. BALTIMORE AND FORT MCHENRY HOLD STRONG • FRANCIS SCOTT KEY WRITES THE STAR SPANGLED BANNER • BRITAIN DECIDES THE WAR IS NOT WORTH IT • DECEMBER 14, 1814 TREATY OF GHENT ENDS THE WAR • JANUARY 8, 1815 ANDREW JACKSON’S FORCES DEFEAT THE BRITISH AT NEW ORLEANS • JACKSON BECOMES A NATIONAL HERO

  35. AMERICAN NATIONALISM • FEDERALIST MEET AND CALL FOR A NUMBER OF AMENDMENTS AND OPPOSED THE WAR • MOST AMERICANS FEEL A SENSE OF PATRIOTISM • THINK FEDERALIST ARE NOT PATRIOTIC • FEDERALIST LOST MOST OF THEIR POWER

  36. THE ERA OF GOOD FEELINGS • AFTER THE WAR OF 1812 • BASICALLY ONE POLITICAL PARTY • JAMES MONROE WINS ELECTION OF 1816 • MONROE TOURED THE COUNTRY • IS RE-ELECTED IN 1820

  37. SECTIONALISM ENDS THE ERA • SECTIONALISM IS LOYALTY TO A REGION • YOU HAVE THE SOUTH, NORTH AND WEST • SOUTHERNERS BELIEVED IN SLAVERY AND STATES RIGHTS • REGIONS DISAGREED ON TARIFFS, NATIONAL BANK, AND INTERNAL IMPROVEMENTS LIKE ROADS AND CANALS

  38. THREE VOICES EMERGE

  39. JOHN C. CALHOUN • FROM SOUTH CAROLINA • STRONG SUPPORTER OF STATES SOVEREIGNTY • AGAINST HIGH TARIFFS • SAID THEY RAISED PRICES FOR THE SOUTH • THEY ALSO PROTECTED INEFFICENT MANUFACTURERS

  40. DANIEL WEBSTER • NATIVE OF NEW HAMPSHIRE • LATER REPRESENTED MASSACHUSETTS • FAVORED THE PROTECTIVE TARIFF OF 1816 • WAS A GREAT ORATOR • AGREE ON POLICIES THAT WOULD HELP THE NORTH

  41. HENRY CLAY • REPRESENTATIVE FROM KENTUCKY • LEADER OF THE WESTERN STATES • TRIED TO RESOLVE SECTIONAL DISPUTES • WAS KNOWN AS THE GREAT COMPROMISER

  42. JAMES MONROE’S PRESIDENCY • ELECTED IN 1816 WITH LITTLE OPPOSITION • RUSH-BAGOT TREATY IN 1817 • BRITAIN AND U.S AGREE TO LIMIT NUMBER OF SHIPS ON THE GREAT LAKES • ALSO REMOVE WEAPONS FROM BORDER

  43. CONVENTION OF 1818 • SET THE BOUNDARY BETWEEN CANADA AND THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE AT 49TH PARALLEL • CREATED A SECURE BORDER WITH CANADA

  44. RELATIONS WITH SPAIN • APRIL 1818 GENERAL ANDREW JACKSON INVADES EAST FLORIDA • WAS TO STOP RAIDS BY SEMINOLE INDIANS ON AMERICA • CAPTURED 2 SPANISH FORTS • SECRETARY OF WAR CALHOUN WANTED JACKSON COURT-MARTIALED • SECRETARY OF STATE JOHN Q. ADAMS DID NOT

  45. ADAMS-ONIS TREATY • SIGNED IN 1819 • U.S. GETS FLORIDA FOR $ 5 MILLION • U.S. GIVES UP CLAIMS TO PARTS OF TEXAS • SPAINS GIVES UP CLAIMS TO OREGON

  46. MONROE DOCTRINE • LATIN AMERICAN COUNTRIES ARE REBELLING AGAINST SPAIN • SPAIN TRIES TO FORM A EUROPEAN ALLIANCE TO HELP FIGHT THE REBELS • DECEMBER 2, 1823 MONROE ISSUES A STATEMENT • U.S. WOULD NOT INTERFER WITH EXISTING EUROPEAN COLONIES • ANY NEW COLONIZATION IN THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE ARE NOT TO BE CONSIDERED BY EUROPEAN POWERS

  47. THE MISSOURI COMPROMISE • TENSION BETWEEN NORTH AND SOUTH • MISSOURI APPLIES FOR STATEHOOD • SOUTH WANTS IT TO BE A SLAVE STATE • NORTH WANTS IT TO BE FREE • MAINE ALSO APPLIES FOR STATE HOOD • THE COMPROMISE SAYS • MISSOURI IS A SLAVE STATE • MAINE IS A FREE STATE • BANNED SLAVERY NORTH OF 36-30N PARALLEL LINE

  48. THE AMERICAN SYSTEM • HENRY CLAY’S IDEA • INCLUDED PROTECTIVE TARIFFS • INTERNAL IMPROVEMENTS LIKE ROADS AND CANALS • NATIONAL BANK TO CONTROL INFLATION AND TO LEND MONEY TO INDUSTRY • OPPOSED IN THE SOUTH

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