The Era of Jefferson

1. The Era of Jefferson

2. The Era of Jefferson: Learning Targets • I will… • Explain the “deal” brokered to allow Jefferson to become the 3rd US President • Explain the changes to the federal government implemented by Jefferson during his presidency • Interpret and analyze the significance of the Supreme Court Case of Marbury vs. Madison

3. The Election of 1800

4. Significance of the Election of 1800 • Results • Thomas Jefferson – 73 • Aaron Burr – 73 • John Adams – 65 • Charles Pinckney – 64 • John Jay – 1 • House of Representatives votes for Jefferson • 6 days, 36 different votes • Jefferson wins..How? • Results in the • Electors would vote separately for President and Vice-President 12th Amendment

5. A ‘Lil Bit of Trivia • Alexander Hamilton brokered the deal for T.J. to win the presidency… • Why? NOT because he like T.J., but because he couldn’t stand Aaron Burr • Leaves Aaron Burr really stoked • July 1804, Aaron Burr kills Alexander Hamilton in a duel…yep, a duel!

6. The Original “Got Milk” Commercial

7. You can tell I’m Aaron Burr by the way I’m dropping Hamilton's

8. “Revolution of 1800” • Federalists ceded power to Democratic Republicans peacefully • Wars typically errupted in Europe caused from exchange of power • Jefferson brought major change to the federal government • Limited the powers of federal government of states and citizens and… Laissez Faire Capitalism

9. Laissez Faire Capitalism • Literally translates to : “Leave Alone!” • Government should stay out of economic affairs • Very similar to today’s Republicans • Spending on social programs = • Government aid to corporations = • Government regulations on businesses = No! Nein! Nyet!

10. Jefferson’s Limitations on the Federal Government • Reduced the number of people actually working in the government • Fired tax collectors, cut the number of US diplomats overseas • Eliminated all federal taxes • Included the Whiskey Tax • All government funding comes from tariffs • Reduced the size of the navy and army • Army = 4,000 to 2,500 • Pardoned those prosecuted under the Sedition Act

11. Federalist Policies Jefferson Kept • Kept the National Bank of the US • Continued paying down the national debt • Retained most Federalist officeholders Haters gonna hate...but I know the meaning of throwing the opposition a bone!

12. Strengthening the Supreme Court • Election of 1800 – Republicans take the Executive and Legislative branches • Federalists still control the Judicial branch • Adams passed a bill allowing him to “pack the court” with Federalists • Appoints 16 federal circuit judges and 42 justices of the peace in his last month of office

13. “Midnight Appointments” • William Marbury (“midnight judge”) appointed justice of the peace for Washington D.C. the night before Adam’s leaves office • The practice of making such appointments was to deliver a "commission," or notice, of appointment • Secretary of State, James Madison refuses • William Marbury sues Madison under the Judiciary Act of 1789

14. The Politics of Politics • “Yep, Marbury should be placed in his commission and T. Jeff doesn’t actually do what we say (which would’ve prolly happened), we would look weak.” • “Nope, Marbury doesn’t have the right to the commission, then the we look like pansies…like we’re afraid of T. Jeff.” • What to do?!? If the Supreme Court rules… In Both Scenarios… Supreme Court T. Jefferson…

15. Judiciary Act of 1789 • Spelled out the practice of delivering commissions for judges and justices of the peace • Also discussed something called a writ of mandamus (“we command”) , which basically says that the Supreme Court could hear cases for the “first time” (original jurisdiction) • The Constitution says the Supreme Court DOES NOT have that right to do that! • Supreme Court only has appellate jurisdiction

16. 2 Types of Courts in the US • Trial Courts • Courts with original jurisdictionhave the power to hear a case for the first time • Evidence, testimony, witnesses…Law & Order • Appellate Courts • Only reviewdecisions and change outcomes of decisions of lower courts • No witnesses, no testimony, just a review of the facts Article III, Section 2 of the Constitution: The Supreme Court only has appellate jurisdiction…So, the Judiciary Act of 1789 is unconstitutional! (or at lease the writ of mandamus)

17. The Ruling in Marbury vs. Madison • Court rendered a unanimous (4–0) decision • Marbury had the right to his commission but the court did not have the power to force Madison to deliver the commission • Instead ruled the Judiciary Act of 1789 unconstitutional • Establishes the principle of Judicial Review • Legislative and executive actions are subject to review (and possible invalidation) by the judiciary

18. John Marshall You’ve just been “lawyered”…. Boo-ya! • Longest serving Chief Justice in the country’s history (34 years) • Before J.M. the judiciary was the weakest branch of the government • After J.M. it was an equal player • Marbury vs. Madison establishes the right for the courts to say a law is NOT in alignment with the Constitution…a safeguard in the system of “checks and balances”!

19. The Legacy of T. Jeff