The Federalist Era

1. The Federalist Era http://www.oncoursesystems.com/school/webpage.aspx?id=14424&xpage=749771

2. SWBAT • Describe the Internal and External troubles of the Federalist era (both George Washington’s and John Adams’s administrations). • Contrast • Hamilton’s “Federalist” Party with • Jefferson’s “Democratic-Republican” Party. • Explain two suggestions of GW gave upon his leaving office. Do we follow them today? • Explain the “Alien and Sedition Acts”: • Why they were created • Who opposed them

3. GW takes Charge I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully execute the office of President of the United States, and will to the best of my ability, preserve, protect and defend the Constitution of the United States.--Presidential oath of office, Article II, Section 1, United States Constitution • 30APR1789 First Presidential swearing-in • To Do List: • Create Bureaucracy (system) to carry out laws • Create Judicial System • Raise money (TAXES!) to run federal govt. • Create Precedents (routines other presidents will follow)

4. Bill of Rights • By SEP 1789 twelve amendments to the Constitution were submitted to the states. • It took until 1791 for the ten amendments to be passed becoming the Bill of Rights. • Main purpose of the BoRs was to protect people (individuals) from the government. • How does it do that?

5. Bill of Rights – The real short version 1. Freedom of religion, speech, press, assembly, and petition. 2. Right to keep and bear arms in order to maintain a well-regulated militia. 3. No quartering of soldiers. 4. Freedom from unreasonable searches and seizures. 5. Right to due process of law, freedom from self-incrimination, double jeopardy. 6. Rights of accused persons, e.g., right to a speedy and public trial. 7. Right of trial by jury in civil cases. 8. Freedom from excessive bail, cruel and unusual punishments. 9. Other rights of the people – Just because it’s not in the constitution doesn’t mean it’s not a right. 10. Powers reserved to the states – states have powers, but cannot act like an individual country.

6. Judicial System • Judiciary Act of 1789 • Established the Supreme Court • Chief Justice and five associate judges • Sixteen lower federal courts • Also Attorney General, Prosecuting Attorneys & Federal Marshalls The very first Supreme Court Justice, John Jay,

7. Executive Branch • Three most important Departments, each headed by a Secretary • Department of State – Foreign Affairs – Thomas Jefferson • Department of War – Military matters – Henry Knox • Depart of the Treasury – Financial Problems – Alexander Hamilton • Originally thought to be individual advisors, came to be a counsel of advisors, including the Attorney General, called the Cabinet.

8. Hamilton’s Policies • Pay off foreign debt ($80 million!) from the Revolutionary War • “Funding” Buy up Rev. bonds & issue new • Most Bonds not w/original purchasers • Had been sold at < value to speculators • Ham’s plan would benefit the speculators • Assume all State debts – put them all together • Establish a National Bank

9. Whiskey Tax • Levied specifically against Western PA • Corn too bulky to transport, convert to whiskey • Western PA Refused to pay taxes • Washington wanted to assert Federal power • Gathered 15,000 militia, GW & Ham at the lead • Rebellion scattered, Fed power asserted

10. Indian Relations • NW territory claims • Indians had not been represented at Treaty of Paris 1783 (ending Rev War) • Great Britain gave land W of Apps, E of Mississippi to U.S., Indians were there but not considered

11. Indian Relations • Battles in 1790, 1792 won by Indians • In 1794 Battle of Fallen Timbers won by “Mad” Anthony Wayne

12. Foreign Relations • French Revolution • Initially popularly supported, especially by Jefferson • As anarchy & blood reigned, opinion shifted • French declared war on GB 1793, American opinion was divided

13. Foreign Relations • GW stayed Neutral • America had problems with both countries • We had a “Quasi War” with France

14. Difficulties of 1st Administration • Pass Bill of Rights • Establish Fed Court system • Select Executive Advisors, the Cabinet • Fund the new gov’t. • Foreign relations • Internally with Indians • Externally, France and England

15. Foreign Affairs • The French Revolution caused what in the US? • Issues w/Indians were settled by –

16. Origins of the Two Party System • Two parties developed around the leadership and opinions of • Thomas Jefferson, Republican-Democrats • Alexander Hamilton, Federalists

17. ? ? Origins of the Two Party System • Divide class in half. • One half will look at Hamilton and his policies. • One half will look at Jefferson and his policies. • The two halves of the class will help each other learn the about their person.

18. George Washington’sFarewell Address • Washington declined running for election for a third term and retired from politics • He published his farewell address (never actually gave it publicly) • He gives advice to the new nation based on his experiences and beliefs

19. George Washington’sFarewell Address • Summarize advice • Do we follow it today?

20. John Adams’ Administration • Election of 1796 very close • Northern Federalist - 70 electors • Southern Republicans - 68 electors • Outcome: Adams is President (Federalist) • Jefferson Vice-President (Republican – Democrat)

21. Bush Elections 2000 & 2004Red = Republican BushBlue = Democrat Gore/Kerry

22. John Adams’ Foreign Affairs • War? With France? • Fr outraged over Jay Treaty w/Br • Fr began seizing Am ships, “Quasi War” • Federalists wanted War • Republicans were generally considered “Francophiles”, the like the French • Adams sent negotiators to Fr • Informed Adams a bribe was demanded • Adams kept it secret to NOT enflame war fever • Reps thinking he wanted war and was keeping the “peace offer” secret demanded release of letter. • Letter released Fr listed as X, Y, Z (XYZ Affair) • “Millions for defense, not one cent for tribute!” • Much War fever but no actual outbreak

23. John Adams’ Domestic Affairs • Loudest Critics of Adams/Federalists were foreign born Republicans • Dissent viewed by Federalists as unpatriotic • Created Alien & Sedition Acts • p. 290 Blue Text P. 253 Red Text • Republican response • VA & KY Acts • Said that states could write laws within their own borders. John Adams is a Jerk!

24. Election of 1800, War of Words • Adams not being Federalist enough, lost votes in the N • Final Electoral Tally • TJ – 73 • Aaron Burr – 73 • JA – 65 • Hamilton hated Aaron Burr more than TJ, so he supported TJ

25. Alien and Sedition Acts • Describe who favored the Alien and Sedition Acts, and why. • Describe who opposed the Alien and Sedition Acts, and why.

26. JA & the Federalist’s Last Word • The outgoing Adams’ administration and Federalist’s Congress increased the number of federal judges and all of those appointed were Federalists. • The courts consistently interpreted laws as Federalists for next couple of decades. • Most famous, Marbury v. Madison: established Judicial Review – allowed the Supreme Court to nullify (cancel) laws that were determined unconstitutional