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The Federalist Era

The Federalist Era. 1789 - 1800. Washington’s First Term. Problems facing G. Washington: 1. Economic: Debts Depression 2. Foreign English - Indian alliance French – British rivalry 3. Political division Hamilton vs. Jefferson. Washington’s First Cabinet.

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The Federalist Era

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  1. The Federalist Era 1789 - 1800

  2. Washington’s First Term Problems facing G. Washington: 1. Economic: Debts Depression 2. Foreign English - Indian alliance French – British rivalry 3. Political division Hamilton vs. Jefferson

  3. Washington’s First Cabinet Henry Knox: Secretary of War John Adams: Vice President Alexander Hamilton: Secretary of the Treasury Thomas Jefferson: Secretary of State

  4. The Federalists: Pro-industry Pro-England (due to trade needs) High tariffs and excise taxes (i.e. whiskey) Strong centralized government Favored the wealthy The Democratic-Republicans: Pro-agriculture Pro-France Opposed to taxes Strong State governments Favored the middle and lower classes The Political Division

  5. Hamilton’s Financial System “Trickle down” economics favor the wealthy and economic growth will “trickle down” to the masses “Funding at par” pay all bond debts at 100% of its value “Assumption” of States’ debts Federal government should pay all of State’s bond debts; ensures loyalty of the wealthier classes. High tariffs and excise tax on whiskey

  6. The Bank of the United States(Hamilton’s view) Would provide a safe place to keep tax revenue for the US government Would regulate banks Would provide low-interest loans to industrial classes

  7. The Bank of the United States(Jefferson’s View) Tax system hurt the farming classes Money lent to industrialists came from farming classes Unconstitutional Dictatorial

  8. Reactions to the Bank (BUS) • Washington sides with Hamilton • Jefferson and Madison form an opposition party (the Democrat-Republicans)

  9. The Whiskey Rebellion Revolt caused by farmers/whiskey producers angry about the tax on whiskey Revolt put down by Washington Shows the strength of the new Constitution

  10. The French are Revolting! • Split between the Feds and DRs • Split within the government Hamilton – opposes supporting the revolutionaries Jefferson – wants support for the revolutionaries

  11. The Proclamation of Neutrality (1793) • Authored by Hamilton • Issued by Washington • Led to the precedent of non-involvement and neutrality in foreign affairs

  12. More Problems with the British • Impressment of American sailors; Seizure of American ships and cargo; act of war by the British

  13. Indian Uprisings • Battle of Fallen Timbers (August 20, 1794) • Evidence of British aid and involvement • Violation of Treaty of Paris (1783)

  14. Jay’s Treaty • Washington’s dilemma: War or Diplomacy John Jay sent to negotiate new treaty Action very unpopular with many Americans; Hamilton’s “betrayal” leads to very weak treaty;

  15. The Retirement of George Washington • Precedents set by GW: • Two term tradition • Use of the Cabinet • Neutrality in foreign matters

  16. The Farewell Address • December, 1796 • Authored by Hamilton • Emphasized neutrality in foreign affairs • “they (the US) should with sincerity and good faith adopt and pursue a conduct friendly and impartial toward the belligerent Powers.”

  17. The Federalists Strong central govt. Pro-Britain Pro-industry The Dem. Republicans Strong State govts. Pro-France Pro-agriculture The Election of 1796

  18. The Election of 1796 Issues: Jay’s Treaty Hamilton’s financial system Foreign policy Results: Adams – Pres. Jefferson – VP

  19. The XYZ Affair American diplomats extorted for a bribe from unknown French diplomats US rejects demands, leaves France

  20. Reaction to the XYZ Affair • Federalists pressure Adams to pursue war Adams resists, but unofficial “war” breaks out in the Caribbean; two year conflict with France begins

  21. The Alien Acts Deports nonresidents supportive of the French Aimed at newly arrived immigrants, primarily DR supporters The Sedition Acts Made criticism of the war, the President, or the Congress illegal Aimed at DRs, incl. Jefferson and Madison The Alien and Sedition ActsPassed by Federalist Congress

  22. Controversy over the Acts The Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions Proposed by Jefferson and Madison to oppose A & S Acts Doctrine of nullification: States can counteract or not enforce federal laws

  23. America in 1800 • Government Democrat-Republicans divided by Federalists and • “War” with France • VP an outlaw • Divided country

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