The Monarchs of Europe

1. The Monarchs of Europe Chapter 18: Throughout the 1500’s, global discoveries and exploration brought new wealth and prestige to Europe’s Monarchs.

3. Section One:The Power of Spain Spain experienced a golden age during the 1500’s, but economic problems and military struggles decreased Spanish power by the 1600’s.

4. Reading Focus • 1) What challenges did King Charles I face when he became Emperor Charles V? • 2) How did Spain rise and then decline under Philip II?

5. What is an Absolute Monarch? • Absolute monarch •  a ruler whose power was not limited by having to consult with the nobles, common people, or their representatives • Divine right •  monarchs received their power from God and therefore must not be challenged

6. Imposing Their Will Kingly Trait • Absolute monarchs believed they ruled by divine right • Monarchs received power from God, must not be challenged • 1500 through 1700s, absolute monarchs tried to impose their will across much of Europe, lands beyond • In Spain, Charles struggled to keep empire under control • 1516, teenaged Charles became King Charles I of Spain • Inexperienced, but had one kingly trait—as member of ancient, powerful Hapsburg family, prepared to rule as absolute monarch • Absolute monarch, ruler whose power not limited by having to consult with nobles, common people or their representatives The King Becomes Emperor

7. Emperor Charles V Enemies Everywhere • 1519, throne of Holy Roman Empire became vacant • Position elective; Charles borrowed money to buy votes • Became Holy Roman Emperor Charles V • Holdings expanded to parts of Italy, Austria, various German states • So vast ‘the sun never set” over it • Ruling vast territories not easy task for Charles • Faced enemies on all sides—Ottoman Turks, French, rebellious German princes • Also fought for religious control over Europe • Wanted Europe to be Roman Catholic • Growing Protestant movement threatened influence Charles V and the Empire When Charles became king of Spain, he inherited the Low Countries of Belgium and the Netherlands, along with colonies in the Americas.

8. Confrontation • 1521, Charles confronted Protestant leader Martin Luther directly • In spite of Charles’ efforts, Protestants gained influence • Rebellions against Catholic rulers spread • After years of warfare, Charles V had to sign Peace of Augsburg • Peace • Agreement gave each German prince right to decide if his state would be Catholic or Protestant • Charles’ vision of a Catholic Europe never became reality • Constant warfare also brought Charles to brink of bankruptcy

9. Success in Americas Charles V more successful in Americas than in Europe • During reign, Spanish explorers claimed much of Americas for Spain • Among explorers King Charles supported • Hernán Cortés, who conquered Aztec empire • Francisco de Coronado, who explored American Southwest region • Silver and gold flowed from American colonies • Brought Spain fabulous wealth

10. Imposing Their Will Relinquished Thrones • Brother took over Hapsburg holdings in Austria • Son, Philip II, ruled Netherlands, Spain, Sicily, Spain’s colonies • Charles V moved to monastery, dream of unified empire unfulfilled • Frustrated by failures in Europe • 1556, Charles V gave up thrones • Decided to divide large empire • Split between his brother and his son Dividing the Empire

11. Draw Conclusions In what ways was Charles V successful as an emperor? In what ways was he unsuccessful? Answer(s): successful—exploration of the Americas, which brought fabulous wealth to Spain; unsuccessful—did not maintain religious control over Europe; constant wars brought financial problems

12. Religion and Revolt Catholicism in Territories Revolt in the Low Countries • King Philip II devout Catholic • Saw himself as leader of Counter-Reformation • Marriage to Queen Mary I of England chance to spread Catholicism • Mary died before having heir to return England to Catholic faith • Philip also wanted to secure position of Catholicism in European territories • Philip’s faith clashed with Calvinist Protestantism of northern Low Country provinces • 1560s, bloody revolt began Spain under Philip II • Spain at peak of grandeur with reign of Philip II • One reason—stream of gold and silver from colonies in Americas • With wealth came power—but gold could not solve Spain’s problems

13. Dutch Revolt Dutch refused to declare allegiance to Philip • To punish, Philip sent army under command of Duke of Alba • Alba set up court • Known locally as Court of Blood • Tortured, executed thousands suspected of being rebels • Cruelties made situation worse; rebellion broke out anew • Revolt dragged on for decades • 1609, truce reached • Seven northern provinces formed independent nation, the Netherlands • Southern provinces remained in Spanish hands

14. Spain and England • English Aid to Dutch • Dutch revolt deepened another rivalry, between Spain, England • As fellow Protestants, England sent aid to Dutch rebels • England’s assistance to Dutch infuriated Philip • Attacks on Spanish Ships • Philip also worried about English attacks on his ships • England’s Queen Elizabeth I allowed ship captains to attack Spanish treasure ships, steal gold, silver for England • Invasion Planned • King Philip II wanted to stop England from raiding ships, return England to Catholic Church • Decided to invade England

15. Naval Battles Armada Not Invincible • Spanish packed ships with soldiers for land invasion • Also planned to be joined by Spanish forces in Netherlands • Faced fierce naval battles that severely damaged fleet • English aimed eight fire ships at remaining ships of Armada • Spanish ships fled in panic, disarray • As damaged ships made way home, several were wrecked Philip’s Armada • Philip ordered navy to assemble great fleet, the Spanish Armada • Totaled about 130 ships, 20,000 soldiers, sailors • 1588, invincible fleet sailed into English channel • Queen Elizabeth I rallied troops and prepared for attack

16. Internal Problems Americans Join the Battle • Spain’s real problems internal • Philip’s government centralized • He trusted no one • Court riddled by factions, suspicion • Government action practically came to standstill • Philip spent wealth from Americas on constant warfare • Borrowed money often; went bankrupt four times • Prices driven up, inflation • Spain did not develop industries An Empire in Decline • The defeat of the Armada was not the end for Spain, which recovered from the loss. • But England remained Protestant, defiant, and undefeated. Relying on traditional agricultural economy, Spain’s economy lagged behind that of other countries. Spain declined as a major power.

17. Recall What were two events that caused problems for Spain? Answer(s): revolt in the Netherlands; defeat of the Spanish Armada

18. Section Two: Absolute Monarchy and France Henry IV, Louis XIII, and Louis XIV strengthened the French monarchy, with Louis XIV setting the example of an absolute monarch for the rest of Europe.

19. Religious War and Henry IV Soon after Protestant Reformation began in Germany, it spread to France • 1560s, one in ten French was Huguenot, French Calvinist Protestant • Many noble families Huguenots • Large number of Protestants threatened Catholic French monarchy • Monarchy thought all should share “one king, one law, one religion” • Religious conflict a challenge to absolute monarchy

20. Henry IV Massacre • Henry of Navarre denied his religion, escaped death • Later in line to be king, but as Huguenot had to fight Catholic troops to claim throne • 1593, won acceptance by converting to Catholicism • Crowned as Henry IV • Explained conversion by saying, “Paris is well worth a mass.” • In France fighting broke out between Catholics and Huguenots • 1572, Catholic queen of France ordered Huguenots in Paris killed • Assassins started with nobles in city for Henry of Navarre’s wedding • Event became known as Saint Bartholomew’s Day Massacre • Violence spread; final Huguenot death toll up to 70,000 Conflict and a New King

23. Compromise • Henry knew compromise needed to restore peace • Edict of Nantesin 1598; gave Huguenots limited freedom of worship • Also, right to hold office, rule in 200 cities where in majority • Subjects no longer had to follow religion of throne; for French Catholics, ended religious wars, but Catholicism official religion • Progress • Henry IV then focused on repairing war-torn country • Improved financial situation, eliminated debt, built up surplus • Created new industries, encouraged agriculture, stimulated trade, drained swamps, built canals, roads • Became one of France’s most respected monarchs

25. Summarize What were some of the high points and low points in the life of Henry IV? Answer(s): possible answer—high points: being crowned king, Edict of Nantes, reforms; low points: Saint Bartholomew's Day Massacre, having to fight to claim throne

26. Young King Resistance Risky Starved Out City • Mother, as regent, governed in his place for several years • When Louis XIII old enough to rule, Catholic churchman, Cardinal Richelieu, became chief minister, advisor • Richelieu wanted to reduce power of Huguenots, strengthen monarchy • 1627, used situation at port city, La Rochelle, to signal resisting monarchy carried risks • La Rochelle had sided with English forces that took nearby island • Richelieu’s troops cut off supplies to city • Ordered walls torn down, all churches to become Catholic Louis XIII and Richelieu • Henry ruled for another ten years • In 1610 he was stabbed by a fanatic Catholic • Young sonLouis XIII crowned

30. Punishing Nobles Fighting Catholics • Richelieu’s spies uncovered series of planned revolts • Punishments were severe • Richelieu had three prominent nobles publicly executed for treason • As chief minister, Richelieu also directed foreign policy • Thirty Years War pitted Catholics against Protestants in Central Europe • Richelieu involved France on side of Protestants in attempt to bring down Hapsburgs Threat from Nobles • Richelieu and the king saw the nobles as a threat • Cardinal Richelieu turned to suppressing them

32. Identify Who did Louis XIII and Cardinal Richelieu see as their enemies? Answer(s): Huguenots, nobles, the Hapsburg family

33. Rise of the Sun King Confident in Ability to Rule • Louis XIV also became king at young age, with mother as regent • Cardinal Mazarin, chief minister after Richelieu, provided advice • Louis raised to be king, taught skills needed from childhood • Young king supremely confident in ability to rule • When Mazarin died, 18-year-old Louis declared he would run government himself • “I am the state,” he declared The Monarchy of Louis XIV • Richelieu died in 1642, Louis XIII, 1643; Louis XIV crowned • Ruled during time of great power, prosperity and glory • His reign had lasting impact—both positive and negative Louis XIV chose the sun as his personal symbol, implying that the world revolved around him. He thus became known as the Sun King.

35. Absolutism at Versailles • Absolute Monarchy • Louis XIV retained absolute power for rest of long reign • Began tradition of absolute monarchy to last more than century • Demanded to be in charge of all military, political, economic initiatives • Central Government • Drew power to himself, deprived nobles of influence • Built palace outside Paris at Versailles; demanded nobles visit regularly • Nobles gained prestige being servants at Versailles court, not by fighting • Absolutely Dependent • Additionally, Louis urged nobles to develop expensive new habits of dressing, dining, and gambling • As nobles grew poorer, had to depend on king’s generosity just to survive

40. Versailles Palace Facts • In 1685, 36,000 people and 6,000 horses started the construction work of the 500 meters long palace, which took altogether 50 years. • When Chateau de Versailles was completed, it could accommodate up to 5,000 people, including servants. • The chateau is one of the largest palaces in the world. It has more than 700 rooms, 2000 windows, 1250 fireplaces, 67 staircases and more than 1800 acres of park. • In the Hall of Mirrors, the Treaty of Versailles was signed in 1919, after World War I.

41. Spectacle at Versailles Versailles was a grand spectacle of kingly power • Louis XIV’s style, ceremony emphasized political strength • Practically every moment of king’s day required rituals by bowing courtiers • Eating, dressing, walking in garden, all required a ritual • Louis always knew who had given what he considered proper attention

42. Money and the Military Most Powerful Ruler • Louis’ finances always a concern • Grand lifestyle cost great deal of money • Treasury saved by efficient policies of Jean-Baptiste Colbert • Limited imports, increased exports • Even reduced government’s debt • Louis needed cash to build up military, expand French territory • Enlarged army to more than 200,000 disciplined soldiers • Spent money on good equipment • Was most powerful ruler in Europe, taking France to war four times Louis and Protestantism • Louis smashed power of Huguenots • Edict of Nantes had protected Huguenots since reign of Henry IV • Even Richelieu had not be able to eliminate that protection • 1685, Louis revoked edict, outlawed Protestantism in France • Over 200,000 Huguenots fled—prosperous merchants, artisans • Loss of their skills, wealth helped cause financial crisis

43. War over a Throne • No heir in Spain • Louis wanted to increase power beyond France’s borders; wars cost dearly • Most costly war, War of the Spanish Succession • Began when Spanish king died without an heir • Successor • Three rulers claimed they should name successor • Louis wanted Spanish throne for oldest son • Other European monarchs did not want France, Spain so closely connected • Alliances • 1701, England, Netherlands, Holy Roman Empire went to war against France • Fighting not limited to Europe, spread to North America as well • Conflict connected to phase of French and Indian Wars

44. Treaty of Utrecht 1713, after many defeats, Louis accepted the Treaty of Utrecht • Treaty said Louis’s grandson got Spanish throne • Also said France, Spain never to be ruled by same monarch • Louis had to give up most of territory he had taken • War benefited England at expense of France, Spain • Despite setback, Louis XIV remained in power until death, 1715—still absolute monarch

45. Find the Main Idea What were some main events during Louis XIV’s reign? Answer(s): building of Versailles, cancellation of Edict of Nantes, War of the Spanish Succession, Treaty of Utrecht