The Monarchs of Europe

1. The Monarchs of Europe The Power of Spain

2. 1. The King becomes Emperor • Charles V and the Empire • 1516, became Charles I of Spain • Member of the Hapsburg family

3. iii. Ruled as an absolute monarch • A ruler whose power was not limited by having to consult with nobles, common people or their own representatives • Absolute monarchs also believed they ruled by divine right • Concept that states that monarchs received their power from God and therefore must not be challenged

4. iv. Territory included Spain, Low Counties of Belgium and the Netherlands plus colonies in the Americas v. 1519, the Holy Roman Emperor’s throne was vacant • Position was elected • Charles borrowed money to buy the votes

5. vi. Became Holy Roman Emperor Charles V • Gained land in Italy, Austria and parts of Germany vii. Wanted Europe to be Roman Catholic • Growing Protestant movement threatened his influence viii. 1521- Declared Protestant leader Martin Luther an outlaw

6. ix. Signed the Peace of Augsburg after years of fighting • Signed in 1555 • Gave each German prince the right to decide whether his state would be Catholic or Protestant x. Achieved more success in the Americas than in Europe • Spanish explorers claimed much of the Americas under his reign • Would bring gold, silver and wealth into Spain

7. b. Dividing the Empire • Charles V gave up his thrones in 1556 • Frustrated by his failures in Europe • Divided empire between his brother and his son • His brother took over the Hapsburg holdings in Austria • Philip II ( Charles’ son) took over Spain, Sicily, the Netherlands and the Spanish colonies in the America

8. 2. Artistic Achievements • Art • El Greco • Real name is DomenicosTheotocopolios • Work was religious and reflected Spain’s role in the Counter Reformation • Famous for elongated human figures

9. ii. Diego Velazquez • Court painter • Painted people of all classes with dignity

10. b. Literature • Miguel de Cervantes • Most famous work “Don Quixote de la Mancha” • About a man caught between the medieval world and the modern world

11. ii. Sister Juana Ines de la Cruz • Wrote poetry, prose and plays • Criticized by the Church for her belief that women had a right to an education

12. 3. Spain under Philip II • Religion and Revolt • Philip was a devout Catholic • Married Queen Mary I of England • The Netherlands • A revolt occurred when the Dutch refused to declare allegiance with Philip II • Army led by the Duke of Alba was sent to punish the Dutch • Court of Blood • Set up by Alba to try and torture those suspected to be rebels

13. 4. Revolted lasted for decades 5. 1609, a truce was formed • 7 northern provinces became the independent nation of the Netherlands • Southern provinces remained under the control of Spain

14. b. Spain and England • England had sent aid to the Dutch during its revolt against Spain • Queen Elizabeth I also was allowing her ships’ captains to attack Spanish treasure ships coming from the Americas • English ships were known as sea dogs • Sir Francis Drake was infamous sea dog

15. iii. In response to this Philip decided to invade England • Wanted to stop attacks on his ships • Wanted to return England to Catholicism iv. Philip assembled the Spanish Armada • 1588, 130 ships with 20,000 soldiers and sailors set sail for the English Channel • Fought England in a series of naval battles • English defeat the Armada

16. c. An Empire in Decline • Internal Problems • Government was too centralized • Philip insisted on approving all decisions • Court was riddled with factions and suspicions • Philip trusted no one • Wealth of the Americas was spent on constant warfare • Borrowed money often • Went bankrupt 4 times • Economy lagged behind that of others

17. Absolute monarch and France

18. 1. Religious war and Henry IV • Conflict and a New Kings • War broke out in 1562, in France, between the Catholics and Huguenots (French Calvinist Protestants) • 1572, the Catholic Queen of France ordered the killing of the Huguenots in Paris • St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre • Resulted from the order of the queen • Started with the killing of French Huguenots nobles attending the wedding of Henry of Navarre • Henry escaped death by denying his religion

19. iv. 1593, Henry converted to Catholicism and was crowed Henry IV

20. b. Compromise and Progress • 1598, Henry IV issued the Edict of Nantes • Granted Huguenots limited religious freedom of worship • Granted the right to hold office • Granted right to rule 200 towns where they already had a majority • Document gave people the right to pick their own religion • Document also still declared Catholicism the official religion • Also required Huguenots to support Catholic Church financially

21. ii. Eliminated debt and built a surplus iii. Would become one of France’s most respected monarchs

22. 2. Louis XIII and Richelieu • Louis XIII • Was very young when he became king • Mother served as his regent • Cardinal Richelieu would become his chief minister and most trusted advisor

23. Louis XIII Cardinal Richelieu

24. b. La Rochelle • A Huguenot port city that had sided with the English on a nearby island • Richelieu used that as a means to take the city • After 14 months of fighting , he took the city, tore down its walls and made all churches Catholic

25. c. Nobles • Louis and Richelieu saw nobles as a threat • Used spies and uncovered planned revolts • Punishments were severe • Richelieu also controlled foreign affairs as well

26. 3. The Monarchy of Louis XIV • Rise of the Sun King • Louis XIV • Best example of an absolute monarch • Became king young and mother served as regent • Chief minister was Cardinal Mazarin • As a child he was taught the skills he would need to be king • Supremely confident in his ability to rule • At 18, Cardinal Mazarin died and Louis declared he would run the government • The sun was his personal symbol

28. b. Absolutism at Versailles • Began tradition of absolute monarchy in France • He controlled all aspects of his government including religion • Deprived the nobles of influence

29. iv. Built palace of Versailles outside of Paris • Required nobles to come visit him there regularly • Nobles gained prestige by becoming part of his court • Urged nobles to develop expensive habits that would them poorer and more dependent on his generosity v. Every moment of his day required rituals performed by bowing courtiers

37. c. Louis and Protestantism • In 1685, Louis revoked the Edict of Nantes and outlawed Protestantism d. Money and the Military • Finances were a concern because of the lifestyle he had

38. ii. Jean-Baptiste Colbert • Finance minister • Limited imports and increased exports • Simplified the tax system • Also cut the debt

39. iii. Louis wanted to build up military and expand territory • Would become the most powerful ruler in Europe

40. e. War over the Throne • War of the Spanish Succession • Most costly of all wars Louis fought • King of Spain died without an heir • Louis was one of 3 rulers to make a claim on the throne • European monarchs did not want France and Spain to be aligned and opposed Louis’ claim • Netherlands and England went to war against France in 1701 • Louis accepted the Treaty of Ulrecht in 1713 after many defeats

41. ii. Treaty of Ulrecht • Gave the Spanish throne to Louis’ grandson • Stated that Spain and France could not be united under one ruler • Louis had to give up territory he had taken iii. Louis remained in power until his death in 1715

42. Monarchs in England

43. 1. The Tudors and Parliament • Two prominent members of the Tudor Family • Henry VIII of England • Created the Protestant Church of England so he could divorce his wife • Had Parliament pass laws to end authority of pope • 1534, Act of Supremacy declared Henry the head of the Church of England

44. ii. Elizabeth I • 1588, Crowned Queen of England after her sister Mary died • Parliament helped her pass laws that favored Protestantism • Parliament wanted her to marry, but she refused

45. 4. Was able to work with Parliament • One reason, she allowed Parliament members to speak their minds without fear of punishment 5. Though clearly in charge, some still questioned her actions 6. Elizabeth died in 1603

46. 2. The Stuarts and Parliament • James I • Became king when Elizabeth died; founded the Stuart line • Believed in the divine right of kings and wanted to rule as an absolute monarch

47. iii. He had problems with Parliament • He lacked funds to spend • He was considered an outsider • Rarely able to get Parliament to approve all the funds he wanted

48. iv. Puritans • Group of strict Calvinist • Wanted to reform the Church of England • Thought some practices were still too Catholic • Wanted to take away power from Church officials • Was seen as a threat by James • James refused to pass most of the reforms of the Puritans

49. 4. Wanted a Bible to be published in English • This is one reform that James agreed to v. James died in 1625

50. b. Charles I • Youngest son of James I ii. 1628, Charles requested money from Parliament • Parliament would not agree until Charles signed the Petition of Right