The Spanish-American War and the Growth of US Imperialism

1. The Spanish-American War and the Growth of US Imperialism Mr. G. Grace Christian Academy of MD

2. TRADITIONAL UNITED STATES FOREIGN POLICY WAS ISOLATIONIST “It is our true policy to steer clear of permanent alliances with any portion of the foreign world” PRESIDENT GEORGE WASHINGTON, 1796

3. GEORGE WASHINGTON IN 1796 CAUTIONED THE NATION TO STAY OUT OF WORLD (EUROPEAN) AFFAIRS AND NOT GET INVOLVED IN THEIR WARS. IT WAS US FOREIGN POLICY TO AVOID THESE ENTANGLEMENTS AFTER WW I. US POLICY. FOREIGN ENTANGLEMENTS:

4. Most of the 19th century was spent exploring and settling the western frontier of the United States, this changed the perception of American boundaries

5. Manifest Destiny Idea • Manifest Destiny was the idea that White Americans were a superior people and had a right/destiny to control the North American continent • By 1890, the dream of the Manifest Destiny was complete. US Census Bureau announced the frontier was gone and US was now settled. • Many Americans believed growth and expansion(Manifest Destiny) should now go beyond the continent into the rest of the world.

6. DEFINITION OF IMPERIALISM The foreign policy of extending a nation's authority by territorial acquisition or by the establishment of economic and political power and control over other nations.

7. Essential Question: Why did America join the imperialist club at the end of the 19c?

8. 1. Commercial/Business Interests: To sell American manufactured goods overseas U. S. Foreign Investments: 1869-1908

9. 1. Commercial/Business Interests American Foreign Trade:1870-1914

10. 2. Military/Strategic Interests Alfred T. Mahan  The Influence of Sea Power on History: 1660-1783-a nation must have the largest and most powerful navy fleet to achieve world power

11. 3. To spread democracy and civilization to foreign lands- “The White Man’s Burden (Social Darwinist thinking) The White Man’sBurden The Hierarchyof Race

12. 4. Missionary Interests American Missionariesin China, 1905

13. 5. Closing the American Frontier

14. “Manifest destiny” extended beyond the borders of the united states

15. Hawaii: "Crossroads of the Pacific"

16. U. S. Missionaries in Hawaii Imiola Church – first built in the late 1820s

17. U. S. View of Hawaiians Hawaii becomes a U. S. Protectorate in 1849 by virtue of economic treaties.

18. Hawaiian Queen Liliuokalani Hawaii for the Hawaiians! Decreed a new Constitution that gave native Hawaiians greater power Removed from power by the US Govt

19. U. S. Business Interests In Hawaii 1875 – Reciprocity Treaty-allowed Haiwaian sugar to enter the US free of duty 1890 – McKinley Tariff 1893 –Americanbusinessmen backed anuprising against Queen Liliuokalani. Sanford Ballard Doleproclaims the Republic of Hawaii in 1894.

20. To The Victor Belongs the Spoils Hawaiian Annexation Ceremony, 1898

21. Japan

22. Commodore Matthew Perry Opens Up Japan: 1853 The Japanese View of Commodore Perry

23. Treaty of Kanagawa: 1854-forced Japan to trade w/ the US-ending 200 years of isolation from world

24. Gentleman’s Agreement: 1908 A Japanese note agreeing to deny passports tolaborers entering the U.S. Japan recognized the U.S.right to exclude Japaneseimmigrants holding passportsissued by other countries. The U.S. government got theschool board of San Francisco to rescind their order tosegregate Asians in separateschools. 1908 Root-Takahira Agreement.

25. Lodge Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine: 1912 Senator Henry CabotLodge, Sr. (R-MA) Non-European powers,like Japan, would beexcluded from owningterritory in the Western Hemisphere.

26. Alaska

27. “Alaska: Seward’s Folly”: 1867 $7.2 million-to stave off further Russian expansion into N. America

28. “Seward’s Icebox”: 1867

29. Cuba

30. PROBLEMS BETWEEN CUBA AND THEIR SPANISH RULERS DOMINATE AMERICAN FOREIGN POLICY AT THE END OF THE 19TH CENTURY CUBA

31. The Imperialist Tailor

32. Spanish Misrule in Cuba

33. Jose Marti Maximo Gomez Antonio Maceo Cuban Revolution 1895

34. The Cuban Revolution and the Maine Incident • 1894-Cubans revolted against repressive Spanish rule • Spaniards had placed Cubans in “reconcentration” camps • America had much invested in Cuban sugar plantations • The USS MaineExplosion- (Feb 1898) US battleship rocked by an explosion killing 250 American Naval officers and crew • Most Americans believed the Spanish had blown up the Maine, but there was no evidence to prove responsibility. • Most Americans blamed Spain- “Remember the Maine! To War with Spain!”

36. Remember the Maineand to Hell with Spain! Funeral for Maine victims in Havana

37. General Valeriano Weyler’s“Reconcentration” Policy Cuban died by the thousands As a result of disease, starvation, unsanitary conditions

38. Yellow Journalism and Jingoism-journalists provoke war with Spain • Yellow Journalist promoters: William Randolph Hurst-publisher of the New York Journal and Joseph Pulitzer- publisher of The World • Yellow Journalismis the use of sensational, half-trueheadlines in order to steer public opinion in favor of war against Spain • Jingoism-extreme nationalism or patriotism by judging ones own country as superior to all others-appeared in the American press by the 1890s

39. YELLOW JOURNALISM IN 1898 NEWSPAPERS PROVIDED THE PUBLIC WITH INFORMATION. PEOPLE LACKED THE ABILITY TO VERIFY IF THE STORIES WERE BIASED OR INACCURATE AND THEREFORE RELIED UPON NEWSPAPERS TO TELL THE TRUTH. PULITZER AND HEARST TOOK ADVANTAGE OF THE PUBLIC’S IGNORANCE BY TWISTING THE TRUTH TO SELL MORE NEWSPAPERS. SENSATIONALIZED STORIES WERE FEATURED HEAVILY IN THEIR NEWSPAPERS SINCE EXCITING HEADLINES INCREASED CIRCULATION. CARTOON WHERE THE TERM “YELLOW JOURNALISM” CAME FROM

40. Yellow journalists were quick to blame the Spanish

41. De Lôme Letter Dupuy de Lôme, SpanishAmbassador to the U.S. Criticized PresidentMcKinley as “weak and abidder for the admirationof the crowd, besidesbeing a would-be politicianwho tries to leave a dooropen behind himself whilekeeping on good termswith the jingoes of hisparty.”

42. The Spanish-American War

43. “I should welcome almost any war for I think this country needs one.”Theodore Roosevelt

44. Teddy Roosevelt Assistant Secretary of the Navy in the McKinley administration. Imperialist and American nationalist. Criticized PresidentMcKinley as having the backbone of a chocolate éclair! Resigns his position to fight in Cuba.

45. The Early weeks of the war • The US demanded Spain grant independence to the Cubans and explain the Maine incident • Negotiations failed and the US declared war on Spain on April 25, 1898 • By August, The US Navy defeated Spain in the Philippines • June 1898- 17,000 US troops arrived in Cuba

46. The “Smoked Yankees” • 25% of US soldiers were African American • Discriminated against in the south while traveling to Florida • Feared by the Spanish soldiers • Helped TR’s Rough Riders defeat the Spanish at San Juan Hill, Cuba

47. US GATLING GUNS: AN EARLY TYPE OF MACHINE GUN

48. The Defeat of Spain and American Casualties • The Rough Riders- cowboys led byTheodore Roosevelt took strategic San Juan Hill in Santiago, Cuba (July 1st) • By July 3rd, the Spanish were defeated in all of Cuba

49. BATTLE SCENE WITH TEDDY ROOSEVELT ON THE HORSE