Historical Skills

1. Historical Skills Using evidence to learn about the past

2. What is History? In pairs write and publish (that is put on a piece of paper that is then put on the board) what you think is history. As a class we will evaluate which is the best definition

3. What is history? That branch of knowledge concerned with past events, especially those involving human affairs. A record or account , usually written those concerning a particular nation, people, field of knowledge or activity. Source: Funk & Wagnall standard desk dictionary

4. Primary sources A primary source is a piece of evidence that originates from the era being studied. It is not necessarily a piece of writing. Brainstorm examples of items that are reflective of a particular era; Books maps crockery CDs toys photos Clothes phones newspapers

5. Advantages of primary sources The advantages of learning about history from a primary source are: • it’s a real item from that time • Unbiased • Has not been interpreted by others • Reflects the sources and thinking of that time

6. Disadvantages of primary sources Despite the fact that primary sources are from the time being studied there are some problems when relying on primary sources: • Primary sources can be difficult to find • Sources can be fragile or broken • Some items may need to be interpreted • Interpretations can be biased or ill-informed

7. Disadvantages of Primary sourcesExample In this magazine cover image released by Newsweek, a computer-generated image of Princess Diana is shown with Kate Middleton on the cover of the July 4, 2011 issue of Newsweek magazine. Diana was killed in a car accident in 1997 and would have turned 50 on Friday. In April, Middleton married Prince William, the oldest son of Diana and Prince Charles.

8. Secondary Sources Like a primary source, a secondary source is a piece of information, however it does not originate from the time in question. A secondary source gains its information from historians and primary sources to provide us with accurate historical knowledge. Examples include: Text books encyclopaedias internet magazines movies models documentaries replicas

9. Advantages of secondary sources The advantages of using secondary sources: • They give us information that has already been interpreted • They give us information about a time or place that we cannot visit. • They could allow us to learn about objects by replicating them as we cannot access fragile or unique items

10. Disadvantages of secondary sources Wikipedia is a very popular and easy to access internet site. Wikipedia is written collaboratively by largely anonymous Internet volunteers who write without pay. Anyone with Internet access can write and make changes to Wikipedia articles (except in certain cases where editing is restricted to prevent disruption or vandalism). Users can contribute anonymously, under a pseudonym, or with their real identity, if they choose. Source: Wikipedia:about changed

11. Disadvantages of secondary sourcesexample • While there are many advantages to using secondary source we must be aware of the disadvantages as well. • It is secondhand information and may not be reliable due to various interpretations • There may be a bias: “history is written by the victor” (source: Winston Churchill British Prime Minister)

12. Evaluating the sources Evaluating sources— strengths and weaknesses Here are some questions that are useful to ask when evaluating primary and secondary sources: • Who is the author? What is known about him/her? • To what extent is this source a personal account reflecting only the author’s experience? • How much was experienced directly by the author, and how much heard about second- or third-hand? • How much of the source is fact and how much opinion? • Is there any evidence that this source is inaccurate or presents an incomplete account of events? • When was this source produced? Was it days, weeks, months, years, decades or centuries after the event/s it narrates? • Why was this source produced? Source: Humanities Dimensions 1: History pg 17 The Rosetta Stone was originally thought to be pitch black. The British Museum has discovered that the first historians to examine this covered it in ink.

13. Bias When written material reflects an author’s values and attitudes, it is said to be biased. There are many types of bias. Some examples are: • class bias—the point of view reflects an economic position, for example an colonist’s view of ex-convicts • geographical bias—the point of view reflects where the author comes from, for example a Victorian gold miner’s view of a of Chines miner • gender bias—the point of view reflects gender, for example a male writer’s view of women • religious bias—the point of view reflects religion such a person from the Church of England and some one who was a puritans. Source: Humanities Dimensions 1: History pg 19

14. Spelling List There are many new words that we have encountered while learning about primary and secondary sources. As a class create a list of spelling words of terms that relate to primary and secondary sources. Sources bias advantage Secondary opinion disadvantage Primary history Gender magazines

15. Asking questions There are two types of questions: Closed questions: These are the questions that have only one or two answers and do not provide us with much information Eg. How old was the youngest convict? He was 13 years old

16. Asking questions What is wrong with the answer to that question? We don’t know who the youngest criminal was? How could this question have been asked better to gain more information? Who was the youngest convict and what was his age? Answer: John Hudson was 9 years old and was convicted of stealing clothes and a pistol

17. Asking questions Open questions allow us to learn more about the topic we are researching and learning about. These questions usually start with: What Who Where Why When How

18. What was the effect of a poor diet on the convicts of the First Fleet? Conditions in the new colony were difficult for convicts, soldiers and settlers alike

19. Who believed in helping the Indigenous people from the colonists? Governor Phillip had an interesting relationship with the Indigenous people

20. Where was gold found during the gold rush era? The gold rush occurred in more than one place and at one time

21. Why was South Australia colonised in 1836? 'The Proclamation of South Australia' 1836 Charles Hill

22. When did the Chinese arrive in Australia?

23. How did the colonies communicate with Britain? Communication from a colony to Britain could take up to a year in order to get a reply as the quickest mode of communication was by boat

24. Research Task Now it is time to put some of these skills to practice. Select a coin and begin researching what the world and Australia was like at the time the coin was minted.