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Reading Assignment:

Reading Assignment:. Chapter 5: Buoyancy and Thermal Regulation. bigeye jack. end. Hemoglobin-- molecule of O 2 transport. Structure protein monomer in Myxini & Cephalasipdomorphi tetramer in Gnathostomata (4 polypeptide chains)  chain similar in coelacanth and tadpole. end. human.

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Reading Assignment:

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  1. Reading Assignment: Chapter 5: Buoyancy and Thermal Regulation bigeye jack end

  2. Hemoglobin--molecule of O2 transport • Structure • protein • monomer in Myxini & Cephalasipdomorphi • tetramer in Gnathostomata(4 polypeptide chains) •  chain similar in coelacanth and tadpole end

  3. human fish Hemoglobin (Hg) cont. • Occurrence: erythrocytes (RBCs) • up to 4M RBC/mm3 of blood • RBC’s nucleated in fish • Hg Absent in some species (Channichthyidae) Antarctic ice fish end

  4. Some species have more than one type of hemoglobin • Catostomus clarki -- desert sucker has an additional form of pH insensitive Hg end

  5. end

  6. Factors affecting blood oxygen affinity • pH • pCO2 (partial pressure of carbon dioxide) end

  7. 100 50 data for winter flounder 0 160 0 80 Air saturation Effect of pH on Hg--two components pH 8.02 2. capacity Root pH 7.47 1.affinity % Saturation of Hg Bohr pO2 mm Mercury end

  8. Bohr effect--decrease inaffinityof hemoglobin for O2 due to decreasing pH or increasing PCO2 affinity: strength of attraction of Hg for O2 • Root effect--decrease incapacityof Hg for O2 due to decreasing pH or increasing PCO2 (extreme Bohr effect) capacity:total quantity O2 of that Hg can carry end

  9. perciform skipjack tuna lamnid shark • more active species tend to have greater Bohr & Root effects • red versus white muscle • myoglobin end

  10. Advantage of Bohr Effect blood circulation Tissues Gills pCO2? pCO2 higher pCO2 lower lactic acid? lactic acid no lactic acid pH? pH lower pH higher end

  11. Teleost Heart: atrium sinus venosus bulbus arteriosus ventricle end

  12. relax Teleost Heart: atrium sinus venosus bulbus arteriosus ventricle end

  13. contract Teleost Heart: atrium sinus venosus bulbus arteriosus ventricle end

  14. Conus arteriosus--Myxini, Ceph., elasmobranchs, gar to gills heart end

  15. bulbus arteriosus 60 0 Pressure (mm merc.) ventricle time end

  16. end

  17. Buoyancy strategies 1. Low density compounds 2. Lift generated by swimming 3. Reduction of heavy tissues 4. Swim bladder (air bladder) end

  18. Bone 2.0 Muscle 1.05 Cartilage 1.1 Freshwater 1.002 @20C Saltwater 1.072 @20C Lipids 0.9-0.92 Squalene 0.86 1. Low density compounds: Substance Specific Gravity Advantages/disadvantages end

  19. thrust lift lift 2. Lift generated by swimming: sharks Advantages/disadvantages end

  20. hammerhead shark end

  21. nurse shark end

  22. sandbar shark end

  23. 3. Reduction of heavy tissues Eurypharynx pelecanoides deepwater fishes Advantages/disadvantages end

  24. umbrella mouth gulper end

  25. umbrella mouth gulper end

  26. 4. Swim bladder • low density • adjustable • most osteichthians • lost secondarily in some species end

  27. Two types of swim bladders: • Physostomous • pneumatic duct • soft-rayed teleosts--herrings, salmonids, catfishes, cyprinids, eels, etc. • Physoclistous • blood/circulatory system • spiney-rayed teleosts--Acanthopterygii, sunfishes, perch, most marine fishes end

  28. Effects of depth on swim bladder volume • pressure increases 1 ATM/10m • swim bladder must be adjustable • Physostomous fishes adjust volume by gulping or spitting air. • mostly shallow water species • gas-spitting reflex • gulp air at surface end

  29. Physoclistous inflation/deflation • circulatory system--source of gases • rete mirabile (wonderful net) --inflation • oval window--deflation • Problem: fish need greater pressure in swim bladder than is achieved by equilibrium with blood gases end

  30. O2 O2 O2 Oxygen equilibrium—swim bladder inflation hemoglobin gills swim bladder water plasma swim bladder end

  31. lactic acid afferent blood efferent blood Counter-current multiplication system Diagram of basic functional unit (inflation) O2heme pO2 O2heme 1 pO2 pO2 swim bladder O2heme pO2  end

  32. Function of Rete Mirabile 1. Hemoglobin saturated with O2 (O2heme) plasma O2 low (p O2) end

  33. lactic acid afferent blood efferent blood Counter-current multiplication system O2heme pO2 O2heme 1 2 pO2 pO2 swim bladder O2heme pO2  end

  34. Function of Rete Mirabile 2. Lactic Acid Secretions heme dumps O2to plasma pO2diffuses into swim bladder to equil. end

  35. lactic acid afferent blood efferent blood Counter-current multiplication system O2heme pO2 O2heme 1 2 pO2 pO2 swim bladder O2heme pO2  3 end

  36. Function of Rete Mirabile 3. Multiplying effect: pO2 diffuses from efferent capillary to afferent cap. Longer capillaries yield more efficient exchange of oxygen, higher pressures end

  37. Physoclistous swim bladder • Pressures up to 300 ATM in some deep sea fishes • Gases mostly O2, some CO2 and N2 • Guanine crystals in SB wall reduce permeability • Deflation occurs at oval window • dense bed of capillaries on SB wall • gasses diffuse into blood • mucus layer covers window during inflation end

  38. Summary: • Diffusion of O2; controlled by structure & function • Relationship O2 bound to hemoglobin versus O2 in plasma • Effect of pH on affinity/capacity of hemoglobin for O2 • Counter-current multiplier • length of capillaries • counter-current flow of blood end

  39. End

  40. Print next slide for student note-taking Do not show this slide or next

  41. mya Era Periods 65 248 ? 590

  42. Ardoch Hwy 18 I29 Hwy 1 to Johnstown Hwy 81 Manvel I29 Forest River UND Biol. Area farm house stop here tree line 0.5 mi Turn right on gravel road just past tree line, go north for 0.5 mi, turn right on two-track road just before Farm house, pass ravine on left and turn left following Ravine on the left, stop by chain link fence compound. 3 mi Inkster Grand Forks Hwy 18

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