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Measuring values in the European Values Study

Measuring values in the European Values Study. Loek Halman Department of Sociology Faculty of Social & Behavioral Sciences. Measuring values in the European Values Study. The concept of values : Definition Measurement Example from E V S. Values.

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Measuring values in the European Values Study

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  1. Measuring values in the European Values Study Loek Halman Department of Sociology Faculty of Social & Behavioral Sciences

  2. Measuring values in the EuropeanValues Study • The concept of values: • Definition • Measurement • Examplefrom EVS Measuring values in EVS

  3. Values … provide guidelines that allow people to master life … influence our behavior … specify and preserve social behavior … define what we want to do our best for and binds people in distinguished groups …command or forbid, they define approval or disapproval, recommend or advice against….they legitimate behaviors Measuring values in EVS

  4. Definingvalues • terminological jungle (Brandsma, 1977: 62) • "Misere der 'Wertforschung'" (Kmieciak, 1976: 23) • "SoziologischerSprachgewirr" (Kmieciak, 1976: 147) Measuring values in EVS

  5. ClydeKluckhon 1959 "..a conception, explicit or implicit, distinctive of an individual or characteristic of a group, of the desirable which influences the selection from available modes, means and ends of action" (p.95). Measuring values in EVS

  6. Critics explicit-implicit; individual-group circularity (wünschenwerten) determining behavior? ‘desirable’ is also difficult to define Measuring values in EVS

  7. Milton Rokeach ‘... an enduring belief that a specific mode of conduct or end-state of existence is personally or socially preferable to an opposite or converse mode of conduct or end-state of existence’ (Rokeach, 1968: 160; Rokeach, 1973: 5). Measuring values in EVS

  8. Definitions "principles which "guide", "channel", or "direct" behavior" (Kluckhohn & Strodtbeck, 1961: 6). "modes of normative orientation of action ..which define the main directions of action without reference to specific goals or more detailed situations or structures" (Parsons, 1960: 171). Measuring values in EVS

  9. Definition I steer behavior: "Leitlinien" (Kmieciak), standards or criteria "for guiding action" (Rokeach, Kluckhohn) direction: 'desirable' (Kluckhohn), 'preferable' (Rokeach), 'gewünscht' (Friedrichs) Theoretical construct: 'conceptions' (Kluckhohn, Brewster-Smith), 'Vorstellungen' (Friedrichs), 'belief' (Rokeach), 'Ordnungskonzept' (Kmieciak), thus: not direct observable Measuring values in EVS

  10. Related concepts attitudes norms beliefs convictions desires Measuring values in EVS

  11. Values and relatedconcepts Values have consequences for beliefs, attitudes, and skills (Hofstede, 2000: 10) Related concepts more directed towards certain behavior Values are more fundamental, deeper: ‘not concerned with specific objects or persons’ (Reich & Adcock, 1976) Measuring values in EVS

  12. Thus…… "..a value is … a disposition of a person just like an attitude, but more basic than an attitude, often underlying it" (Rokeach, 1968: 124). "Values are standards of desirability that are independent of specific situations. The same value may be a point of reference for a great many specific norms. … Values, as standards (criteria) for establishing what should be regarded as desirable, provide the grounds for accepting or rejecting particular norms" (Williams, 1968: 284). Measuring values in EVS

  13. Definition II not specific but general Values are only an element in motivation and in determining action’ (Kluckhohn, 1959: 400): not determining Values are revealed in attitudes, opinions, norms etc. Measuring values in EVS

  14. Thus, values are: • Steering principles • Direction is desired • Theoretical construct • Not specific, but general, more fundamental, underlying • Not determining • Revealed in attitudes, norms, convictions etc Measuring values in EVS

  15. A value is: …a deeply rooted motivation or orientation guiding or explaining certain attitudes, norms, opinions which on their turn will direct human action or at least part of it Measuring values in EVS

  16. Measuring values Ask people their values BUT We do not know our values! Measuring values in EVS

  17. Thus, indirect… • Describe ideal behavior • Describe what you desire/want • Choices (Kluckhohn) • Content analysis • Surveys: e.g., Rokeach, Schwartz, Hofstede, Triandis, Inglehart, EVS/WVS Measuring values in EVS

  18. A value is: …a deeply rooted motivation or orientation guiding or explaining certain attitudes, norms, opinions which on their turn will direct human action or at least part of it Measuring values in EVS

  19. Values and related concepts attitudes, norms beliefs, opinions values Measuring values in EVS

  20. General latent structure model A B L C D Measuring values in EVS

  21. Latent structure models • Factor analysis • Guttmanscaling/Mokken scaling • Latent traitanalysis • Latent classanalysis • …… Measuring values in EVS

  22. Anexamplefrom EVS Work ethos Measuring values in EVS

  23. Work is a moral duty income structure identity and status contribution to society discipline Measuring values in EVS

  24. work comes first job to develop talents receiving money without working is humiliating WORK ETHOS not working makes you lazy work is a duty Measuring values in EVS

  25. Measuring work ethos to fully develop your talents, you need to have a job (identity) it is humiliating to receive money without having to work for it (income) people who don’t work turn lazy (structure) work is a duty towards society (society) work should always come first, even if it means less spare time (discipline) Measuring values in EVS

  26. Answercategories 1 = Agreestrongly 2 = Agree 3 = Neitheragree, nor disagree 4 = Disagree 5 = Disagreestrongly Measuring values in EVS

  27. Factor analysis Measuring values in EVS

  28. Comparing scores on latent variables is useless in case the latent variable has different meanings in different countries. Because the meaning (interpretation) of the latent variable is determined by the relations between latent and manifest variables, these relationships have to be carefully examined (Kohn, 1987; Adler, 1993) Comparability of measures Measuring values in EVS

  29. Split file Measuringvalues in EVS

  30. Calculating scores Sumscores: non-weightedunstandardized scores: COMPUTE workethos=(V92 + V93 + V94 + V95 + v96)/5. Factor scores: weightedstandardized scores producedby factor analysis FACTOR /VARIABLES V92 V93 V94 V95 V96 /MISSING LISTWISE /ANALYSIS V92 V93 V94 V95 V96 /PRINT INITIAL EXTRACTION /CRITERIA FACTORS(1) ITERATE(25) /EXTRACTION PC /ROTATION NOROTATE /SAVE REG(1 workethos) /METHOD=CORRELATION. Measuring values in EVS

  31. Work ethos in 1999 Measuring values in EVS Theme: Values & Norms 2009: Values

  32. Measuring values in EVS

  33. Examples Measuring and Comparing Values in 16 Countries of the Western World Documentation of the European Values Study 1981-1990 in Europe and North America Loek Halman & Astrid Vloet November 1994 Measuring values in EVS

  34. Religious and moralorientations Moral values Private permissivenes Public permissivenes Religious values • Private religiosity • Traditional belief • Confidence in the church • Rites of passage Measuring values in EVS - Examples

  35. Social politicalvalues Conservatism • Economic • Cultural • Tolerance • Ethnic • Behavioral • Extremists Materialism-postmaterialism Measuring values in EVS-Examples Confidence in institutions • General confidence in institutions • Confidence in democratic institutions • Confidence in authoritative institutions

  36. Social-Politicalvalues Political Left-right Political involvement • Protest activity • Protest proness Statements about government and economy • Individual freedom • Political resignation Measuring values in EVS-Examples

  37. Primary relations Marital orientations • Cultural homogeneity • Material conditions • Affection • Immaterial conditions Family • Parent-child relationship • Traditional family pattern • Educational values • Conformity • Achievement • Gender roles • Rejection of the traditional women's role • Equal roles for men and women Measuring values in EVS-Examples

  38. Work, civil society…. • Civic engagement • Membership • Volunteering Work • Extrinsic • Intrinsic • Work ethos • Solidarity • Socialspatial • Social economic Immigrants • Perceivedthreat • Xenophobia • Etnic and civicqualities of nationalidentity Environment New EnvironmentalParadigm Measuring values in EVS-Examples

  39. Thank you!

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