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EUROPE. In the early Modern Era . . Illustrating some of the key Acorn points . Starting with the ____________.
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EUROPE In the early Modern Era . . Illustrating some of the key Acorn points
Starting with the ____________ a cultural movementthat spanned the period roughly from the 14th to the 17th century, beginning in_______ in the Late Middle Ages and later spreading to the rest of Europe. The availability of paper and the invention of the p_________ ________ (moveable type) sped the dissemination of ideas from the later 15th century. ________A system of thought that centers on humans and their values, capacities, and worth although that does NOT mean non-reilgious John Green: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vufba_ZcoR0
the Renaissance As merchants’ profits increased and governments collected more taxes, funding for the visual and performing arts, even for popular audiences, increased. Innovations in visual and performing arts were seen all over the world. (such as Renaissance art in Europe. . .) Literacy expanded accompanied by the proliferation of popular authors, literary forms and works of literature in Afro-Eurasia. (such as Shakespeare, Cervantes
Realism & Expression First nudes sinceclassical times. • Expulsion fromthe Garden, Masaccio, 1427
2. Perspective • The Trinity • Masaccio • 1427 Perspective! Perspective! Perspective! Perspective! Perspective! Perspective! Perspective! First use of linear perspective! What you are, I once was; what I am, you will become.
3. Classicism • Greco-Roman influence. • Humanism. • Individualism free standing figures. • Symmetry/Balance The “Classical Pose”Medici “Venus” (1c)
4. Geometrical Arrangement of Figures • The Dreyfus Madonna with the Pomegranate • Leonardo da Vinci • 1469 • The figure as architecture!
6. Light & Shadowing/Softening Edges Sfumato Chiaroscuro
Art and Patronage the support and consumption of art was used as a form of competition for social & political status
Vitruvian Man • Leonardo daVinci • 1492 TheL’uomouniversale
The Renaissance “Man” • Broad knowledge about many things in different fields. • Deep knowledge/skill in one area. • Able to link information from different areas/disciplines and create new knowledge. • The Greek ideal of the “well-rounded man” was at the heart of Renaissance education.
The Last Supper - da Vinci, 1498 vertical horizontal Perspective!
David • MichelangeloBuonarotti • 1504 • Marble
The Popes as Patrons of the Arts • The Pieta • MichelangeloBuonarroti • 1499 • marble
The School of Athens Raphael, 1510 -11 Da Vinci Raphael Michelangelo
The School of Athens – Raphael, details Plato:looks to theheavens [or the IDEALrealm]. Aristotle:looks to thisearth [thehere andnow].
Averroes Hypatia Pythagoras
Zoroaster Ptolemy Euclid
ma·don·na • /məˈdänə/
Why first in the Italian _____- _______? • $$$$$ ------ You have to have it to be a patron of art • And why $$$$$$$? Because each city state specialized in the production of a good and • G__________ and especially V_______ became stinking rich because of trade with the O__________ empire. And what centuries primarily?
Development and interaction of __________ Other ideas regarding theme 2 • Religions • Belief systems, philosophies, and ideologies • Science and technology • The arts and architecture
Martin Luther and the Reformation The practice of Christianity continued to spread throughout the world and was increasingly diversified by the process of diffusion and the Reformation. 1517; Germany
Luther Quotes “We are saved by faith alone, but the faith that saves is never alone.” ― Martin Luther “If you want to change the world, pick up your pen and write.” ― Martin Luther
COUNTER REFORMATION Jesuits https://www.seattleu.edu/jesuit_tradition/
Where were Christian missionary efforts the most successful in the 15th and 16th century and what branch was it?
In the early years of the 16th century, to combat the rising tide of religious unorthodoxy, the Pope gave Cardinal Ximinez of Spain leave to move without let or hindrance throughout the land, in a reign of violence, terror and torture that makes a smashing film. This was the____________ _____________ History of the world http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5ZegQYgygdw Monty Python: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vt0Y39eMvpI
Remarkable new transoceanic maritime reconnaissance occurred in this period. European technological developments in cartography and navigation built on previous knowledge developed in the classical, Islamic and Asian worlds, and included the production of new tools, (such as astrolabe or revised maps) innovations in ship designs (such as caravels) and an improved understanding of global wind and currents patterns, all of which made transoceanic travel and trade possible See: http://www.ucalgary.ca/applied_history/tutor/eurvoya/map.html re·con·nais·sance also re·con·nois·sance (r -k n -s ns, -z ns ) n . An inspection or exploration of an area, especially one made to gather military information .
Maritime Technologies Better Maps [Portulan] Hartman Astrolabe(1532) Mariner’s Compass Sextant
Ferdinand Magellan & the First Circumnavigation of the World:early 16th Century
. Portuguese development of a school for navigation led to increased travel to and trade with West ________and resulted in the construction of a global ________-_________ empire Henry the Navigator leading Vasco de Gama, Magellan, and other Portuguese explores
Spanish sponsorship of the first Columbian and subsequent voyages across the Atlantic and Pacific dramatically increased European interest in transoceanic travel and trade. • Northern Atlantic crossings for fishing and settlements continued and spurred European searches for multiple routes to Asia.
The new connections between the Eastern and Western hemispheres resulted in the Columbian Exchange.
Ooh ahh the CE illustrates which theme? ___________________ • Demography • Disease • Migration • technology Interaction between humans and the environment
state And on to another theme: __________-building, expansion and conflict • Political structures and forms of governance • Empires • Nations and nationalism • Revolts and revolution • Regional, transregional, and global structures and organizations as an institutional structure charged with exercising authority within a definable jurisdictional purview (which is often territorial in nature generally used to refer to the political power exercised over a defined geographic territory through a set of public institutions
European states, including Portugal, Spain, the Netherlands, France and Britain, established new ______________ empires in the Americas. maritime
By the way . . . Russia is creating a _______ based empire . . .. Using in part tax farming Rulers used tribute collection and tax farming to generate revenue for territorial expansion.
Tax farming: assigning the responsibility for tax revenue collection to private citizens or groups historical examples in the early modern era: Ottoman, Mughal, Qing, France, Spain, Holland, England and Russia an important step in the development of state revenues and economic growth by providing a method for collecting taxes across a large area without the need for a tax-collecting b______________
Competition over ________ routes (such as Omani-European rivalry in the Indian Ocean and ________in the Caribbean), state rivalries (such as the Thirty Years War or the Ottoman-Safavid conflict), and local resistance (such as bread riots) all provided significant challenges to state consolidation and expansion. The Ya'ruba and the expulsion of the Portuguese In the early 16th century the Portuguese trading empire sought to extend its influence and reduce Oman’s control over the thriving Arabian Sea and Indian Ocean routes. Portuguese troops invaded Oman and captured some of the coastal areas, occupying them for up to 150 years before being defeated by Sultan bin Saif Al Ya’rubi. During the Ya’ruba period (1624 – 1744) Oman entered an era of prosperity at home and abroad, and many of the Sultanate’s historic buildings and forts date from this time.
significant challenges to state consolidation and expansion The Thirty Years War describes a massive continental conflict between European states motivated by both political and economic reasons but complicated by ___________ differences
Treaty of Westphalia (1648) • Ended 30 Years War; Dissolution of Holy Roman Empire • Set foundation for sovereign competing nation states (NOT imperial or papal) and principle of Balance of Power • Principle of religious determination for each state
