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Class Topics

Learn about the physiology of the heart, including the sinoatrial node, atrioventricular node, cardiac cycle, and heart sounds. Explore the structure and function of blood vessels, including arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. Understand the pulmonary and systemic circulatory pathways. Engage in a pig heart dissection to further study the heart's anatomy.

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Class Topics

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  1. Heart physiology Heart dissection Notes – blood vessels “The nice part about being a pessimist is that you are constantly being either proven right or pleasantly surprised.” George Will . Title: Anat & Phys 4/11/07 Class Topics Objectives: Saturday, January 4, 20205:50 AM

  2. Class Assignments What By When • Heart coloring 4/11/07 • Heart coloring W.S. 4/13/07 • Heart test 4/13/07 • Due this class period • Due next class period • Due in the future

  3. Heart Physiology • Each beat is stimulated by an area in the right atrium near the superior vena cava called the Sinoatrial Node (SA Node). • SA Node is innervated by the autonomic nervous system • Pacemaker of the heart • Stimulates both atria to contract

  4. Heart Physiology • SA Nodesends impulse to the AV (atrioventricular) Node. • Located in the interatrial septum • Holds impulse for a short time (milliseconds) and passes electrical impulse to AV Bundle (Bundles of His) • AV Bundles passes impulse to Purkinje fibers which stimulates the ventricles to contract

  5. FromL http://www.personal.dundee.ac.uk/~jrelliot/HTML1/heart.htm

  6. Cardiac Cycle • 1st stage • Atrial Systole • Atrial contractions • 2nd stage • Ventricular Systole • Ventricular contractions • “lub” • 3rd stage • Diastole • Both chambers relax (atria fill with blood) • “dub”

  7. Sound Electric Activity

  8. Heart Sounds • “Lub” • AV valves closing (tricuspid and mitral) • “Dub” • Semilunar valves closing

  9. Lab • Dissect the pig heart • look for the following • atria • ventricles • trace the blood flow • chordae tendinae • papillary muscles • valves

  10. Blood vessels • Artery • thick walled, can contract, moves blood away from heart • Arteriole • smaller lumen than arteries, source of vasoconstriction and vasodilation

  11. Blood vessels • Capillary • microscopic size, thin walled - for diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion, and active transport • Venule • small lumen, gain size closer to heart • Vein - 65% of blood at any time • thick walled (not as thick as artery), larger lumen than artery, internal valves to avoid pooling

  12. From: http://www.familydoctor.co.uk/htdocs/varicose/varicose_specimen.html

  13. From: http://www.people.virginia.edu/~dp5m/phys_304/figures/capillary_bed.jpg Capillary bedsFig 13-14 • What purpose do these serve in maintaining homeostasis?

  14. Circulatory Pathways • Pulmonary circulation • to lungs and back to heart • Systemic circulation • supplying blood to all systems and organs except lungs • All starts with the aorta

  15. From: http://www.people.virginia.edu/~dp5m/phys_304/figures/19-17a_pulmnrycirc.jpg

  16. From: http://www.people.virginia.edu/~dp5m/phys_304/figures/19-18_systemcirc.jpg

  17. Branches of the Aorta • Ascending aorta • Coronary arteries • supply blood to the heart • blockage can lead to myocardial infarction • Arch of the Aorta • Brachiocephalic artery • left common carotid artery • Left subclavian artery

  18. Branches of the Aorta • Descending Aorta • intercostal arteries • celiac artery • superior mesenteric artery • suprarenal arteries • renal arteries • gonadal arteries • inferior mesenteric artery • common iliac arteries

  19. Celiac Artery • Branches into • Gastric artery • Hepatic artery • Splenic artery • Pancreatic artery

  20. From: http://www.personal.psu.edu/ faculty/s/x/sxd5/Arteries.gif

  21. Common Iliac Arteries • Internal iliac artery • External iliac artery • Deep femoral artery • Femoral artery • Popliteal artery • Anterior tibial artery • Posterior tibial artery

  22. Brachiocephalic • Right common carotid artery • External carotid artery - scalp, face, jaw • internal carotid artery - brain • Right subclavian artery • Vertebral artery (branch) • Axillary artery • Brachial artery • Radial artery • Ulnar artery

  23. Left Common Carotid and Left Subclavian • Same branching as right side • No brachiocephalic

  24. Systemic Veins • Superior vena cava drains the body superior to the heart • Inferior vena cava drains the body inferior to the heart • Coronary sinus drains the heart wall (myocardium)

  25. Superior vena cava • Right and left brachiocephalic veins • subclavian veins • Axillary veins • Brachial veins • Ulnar veins • Radial veins • jugular veins • interior jugular vein • exterior jugular vein

  26. Inferior vena cava • Hepatic vein • Renal veins • Common Iliac veins • Gonadal veins (rt enters the CI, but left enters the renal vein) • Internal iliac veins

  27. Inferior Vena Cava • External iliac veins • Femoral veins • Great saphenous vein - longest in body • Popliteal • Posterior tibial vein • Anterior tibial vein

  28. Hepatic Portal System • Blood from the small intestines, large intestines, stomach all enter the portal system • inferior mesenteric vein and superior mesenteric vein enter the hepatic portal vein to the liver

  29. Blood movement • Trace the blood from the heart to the left arm and back to the heart. • Trace the blood from the heart to the right leg and back to the heart. • Trace the blood from the heart to the small intestine and back to the heart. • Trace the blood from the heart to the left gonad (this of course depends upon your gender) and back to the heart.

  30. ACT Math Test Tips • Each question is worth the same • Skip the hard ones, answer all the easy ones • Use your test booklet • Scratch paper • organize your work to review answers • 60 questions, 60 minutes • Answer all questions • Guesses have 20% chance of being right

  31. Math Tests • Work backwards • Eliminate answers and plug in those that might work • Be familiar with your calculator • Don’t just assume your calculator is always right • Think!!! Sample Problems

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