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Climate Change: The Implications for Carbon Accounting and Management in the Tourism Sector Paul Hooper & Rachel Dun

Climate Change: The Implications for Carbon Accounting and Management in the Tourism Sector Paul Hooper & Rachel Dunk Centre for Aviation, Transport and the Environment Manchester Metropolitan University 8 th International Conference on Responsible Tourism MMU 4 th April 2014. Outline.

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Climate Change: The Implications for Carbon Accounting and Management in the Tourism Sector Paul Hooper & Rachel Dun

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  1. Climate Change: The Implications for Carbon Accounting and Management in the Tourism Sector Paul Hooper & Rachel Dunk Centre for Aviation, Transport and the Environment Manchester Metropolitan University 8th International Conference on Responsible Tourism MMU 4th April 2014

  2. Outline • Mandate of action • Guidance and options for footprinting and accounting procedures • The ‘tourismsystem’ • Implications for carbon accounts and emissions mitigation

  3. Tourism & Climate Change

  4. Tourism Growth Erxleben and Sallwey (2007) UNWTO (2011)

  5. Global Tourism and Climate Change • Tourism (including day-trips) is responsible for 4.95% of global CO2 emissions • Up to 14% if measured as radiative forcing (The warming caused by CO2 and other GHGs). • If tourism was a country it would be the 5th biggest polluter worldwide (similar to Japan). • Global tourism emissions projected to grow by 152% by 2035. Sources: Peeters and Dubois (2010); UNWTO-UNEP-WMO (2008)

  6. Breakdown of tourism emissions

  7. Radiative forcing

  8. Implications for Tourism • Growing CC emissions from tourism in the context of policy commitments to radical cuts in GHG emissions • Need to take efficient and effective actions • Important to demonstrate carbon responsibility • Case for growth is getting more difficult – credibility crucial Carbon account……

  9. Activity data to carbon account Determining carbon emissions requires data on: • The activity generating the carbon emissions (quantity, type, organisation) • The carbon output per unit activity. This is usually expressed as an emissions/conversion factor Units of activity x EF = total CO2 generated

  10. So what should be included in a carbon account?

  11. Scope Options – GHG Protocol • Define three scopes (or boundaries) for GHG/carbon emissions accounting • Direct GHG emissions from all sources owned by the company (stationary and mobile combustion) • Plus indirect GHG emissions from purchase of electricity • Optional step – indirect emissions from company’s upstream and downstream activities (provides an ‘opportunity to be innovative in GHG management’)

  12. How far is far enough? • Carbon Reduction Commitment • mandates reporting for larger organisations (>6000MWh) • Focuses on fuels and electricity consumed (i.e. Scope 1 & 2 emissions) • However DEFRA Guidance: • Sets no minimum size threshold • Covers wider range of emissions • Does not specify a minimum level of reporting (emphasises completeness)

  13. So what should be done about Scope 3 Emissions • Challenging given the variety of organisations in the tourism sector • Best to start with an appreciation of the ‘tourism system’ for completeness • ICARB identified a range of system carbon emission sources from: • Inputs • Outputs • Outsourcing

  14. Scope 3 Emissions for Tourism • Inputs • Food & drink • Cleaning materials • Visitor travel • Water supply • Outputs • Water discharge/treatment • Solid waste: • Green waste • Recyclates • Landfill • Outsourcing • Laundry • Accounting • Maintenance/grounds keeping • Cleaners • Catering • Entertainment

  15. But this is too difficult, isn’t it?

  16. So why take on Level 3? • ACI International (2009) have something to offer: Guidance Manual: Airport Greenhouse Gas Emissions Management

  17. References • ACI (International) (2009) Guidance Manual: Airport GHG Emissions Management, ACI World Environment Standing Committee • DEFRA (2013) Environmental Reporting Guidelines: including mandatory GHG emissions reporting guidance. • DEFRA GHG Conversion Factor Repository available at www.ukconversionfactorscarbonsmart.co.uk/ • Erxleben, T. and Sallwey, L. (2007) The impact of current developments on the baggage flow at airports and derived trends in airport logistics. Elektroniczne czasopismo naukowe z dziedziny logistyki, 3 (1), No. 5. • Peeters, P. And Dubois, G. (2010) Tourism travel under climate change mitigation constraints. Journal of Transport Geography, 18 (3),447-457. • UNWTO (2011) Tourism Highlights 2009 Edition. http://unwto.org • UNWTO-UNEP-WMO (2008) Climate Change and Tourism: Responding to Global Challenges. UNWTO, Madrid. • WBCSD and WRI (2004) The Greenhouse Gas Protocol.

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