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Before History

Before History . Chapter 1. I. The Evolution of Homo Sapiens. Humans are similar to apes. High order of intelligence. Manipulation of the environment. A. The Hominids 1. Autralopithecus - hominid (human & humanlike species) a. walked upright d. traveled deliberately

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Before History

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  1. Before History Chapter 1

  2. I. The Evolution of Homo Sapiens • Humans are similar to apes. • High order of intelligence. • Manipulation of the environment. • A. The Hominids • 1. Autralopithecus-hominid (human & humanlike species) • a. walked upright d. traveled deliberately • b. opposable thumbs e. tools • c. communicate verbally

  3. I. The Evolution of Homo Sapiens cont’d • 2. Homo-Erectus- upright walking human • a. sophisticated tools (choppers, scrapers) • b. start and tend fires • c. communicate complex ideas 3. Migrations of Homo-Erectus a. control of natural environment b. move to N. Africa and Eurasia 2mil years ago

  4. I. The Evolution of Homo Sapiens cont’d. • B. Homo-Sapiens- consciously thinking human • Remarkably intelligent, contest for survival • Efficiency in exploiting natural resources • Communicate and cooperate complex tasks • Language a. vocal cords, mouth cavity w/tounge b. sounds into language

  5. I. The Evolution of Homo Sapiens cont’d. 2. Migrations of Homo Sapiens a. adapt to various conditions b. spread through Africa, Europe, and Asia. c. Including Indonesia and New Guinea 3. The Peopling of the World a. Came into America through Siberian Link b. Remarkable Accomplishment

  6. I. The Evolution of Homo Sapiens cont’d. 3. The Natural Environment a. Homo Sapiens used their intelligence, tools, and language to exploit their natural environment.

  7. Global Migrations of Hominids

  8. II. Paleolithic Society • Old Stone Age • Foraged food (scavenged/hunted) • Gatherers • A. Economy and Society of Hunting and Gathering Peoples 1. Relative Social Equality a. Hunting/Gathering ≠ private property b. No social distinctions based on wealth

  9. II. Paleolithic Society cont’d c. Egalitarian existence d. Social distinctions arose differently though. 2. Relative Gender Equality a. All members led to survival. b. Men traveled on hunting expeditions c. Women/children gathered edible plantation. d. Interdependence probably did not lead to gender role domination.

  10. II. Paleolithic Society cont’d e. small bands (20-30) f. did not wander, timed movements based on seasonal movements of plants and animals. 3. Big-Game Hunting a. Special Tools b. Disguises c. Fires/Disturbances

  11. II. Paleolithic Society cont’d. 4. Paleolithic Settlements a. Few people left nomadic lifestyles b. Natufian society (Mediterranean, wheat & animals) c. Jomon society (C. Japan, buckweat& fishing) d. Chinook society (NW of N.America, berries, acorns & salmon)

  12. II. Paleolithic Society cont’d. • B. Paleolithic Culture 1. Neandertal Peoples a. Neander Valley, W. Germany b. 45000-30000 years ago c. co-habitation, little interbreeding d. burials/rituals

  13. II. Paleolithic Society cont’d. 2. The Creativity of Homo Sapiens a. Intellectual success in communication of complex ideas. b. Venus Figurine c. Cave Paintings

  14. III. The Neolithic Era and the Transition to Agriculture • A. The Origins of Agriculture 1. Neolithic Era a. New Stone Age b. Polished stone tools c. Early Stages of agricultural society 2. Global Climate Change a. After ice age came warming. b. People began GROWING plants and domestication

  15. III. The Neolithic Era and the Transition to Agriculture cont’d. 3. Gender Relations and Agriculture a. Female familiarity w/plant cycles, nurturing. 4 . Independent Inventions of Agriculture a. Cultivation & Domestication emerges in various parts of the world. 5. The Early Spread of Agriculture a. Agriculture spreads rapidly; slash & burn (east & west hemispheres) b. Food spreads through out the world w/merchants, migrants & travelers (ex. Wheat)

  16. III. The Neolithic Era and the Transition to Agriculture cont’d c. Agriculture was very tedious, but made abundant food. • B. Early Agricultural Society- social and cultural changes, pop. explosion 1. Emergence of Villages and Towns a. Permanent Villages; Jericho (present day Israel) 2. Specialization of Labor a. More food = more specialized labor b. pots, basins, textiles, leather, stone/metal tools, jewelry etc.

  17. III. The Neolithic Era and the Transition to Agriculture cont’d. 3. Pottery a. store food b. artistic expression c. practical utensils 4. Metalworking a. Earliest metal: copper b. jewelry c. simple tools

  18. III. The Neolithic Era and the Transition to Agriculture cont’d. d. smelting created tools (knives, axes, hoes & weapons). 5. Textile Production a. Selective breedingplants/ animalsexcellent fibers b. Women wove fibers 6. Social Distinctions & Social Inequality a. Settlements = people to gain wealth b. Private property

  19. III. The Neolithic Era and the Transition to Agriculture cont’d. • C. Neolithic Culture- experience of Earth and its rhythms (seasons) 1. Religious Values a. Interest in Fertility b. Rhythms of agriculture • D. The Origins of Urban Life- agriculture transformed the lives of humans 1. Emergence of Cities a. cities/complex societies around urban centers

  20. III. The Neolithic Era and the Transition to Agriculture cont’d. b. Specialized workers c. Complex institutions (gov’t, schools) d. religion e. record keeping

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