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Chapter 3 Approaches to and concepts in Transportation Planning

Chapter 3 Approaches to and concepts in Transportation Planning. STUDY OBJECTIVES. Briefly explain the systems approach to the transport planning process Briefly explain the cyclic approach to the transport planning process

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Chapter 3 Approaches to and concepts in Transportation Planning

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  1. Chapter 3Approaches to and concepts in Transportation Planning

  2. STUDY OBJECTIVES • Briefly explain the systems approach to the transport planning process • Briefly explain the cyclic approach to the transport planning process • Understand the importance of land-use and transport planning in the public sector • Have insight into, and be able to explain, the integrated transport planning approach with specific reference to its purpose, framework, and underlying principles

  3. Outline the basic integrated transport plan and its elements • Explain various important concepts used in transportation planning • Outline the concept of business and marketing plans in public transport • Discuss the concepts, and important role, of the implementation, monitoring and review stages in the transport planning process

  4. 3.1 NEW APPROACHES TO THE TRANSPORTATION PLANNINGPROCESS 3.1.1 INTRODUCTION 2 approaches to transport planning: • The systems approach, and • the cyclic approach.

  5. 3.1.1 INTRODUCTION cont’ Past: • if the land-use pattern of a town or city could be defined for some future date then • the associated traffic pattern could also be determined and • a suitable transport system designed to fit in.

  6. 3.1.1 INTRODUCTION cont’ • This approach fails to recognise that traffic flows alter in response to changing land-use patterns and vice versa • A city should be seen as a system which evolves, where land uses and traffic flows are interdependent.

  7. 3.1.2 THE SYSTEMS APPROACH This approach argues that: • Transport facilities fulfill a market role in determining the amount of land that is available for development at different levels of accessibility; • A transport system should not be chosen exclusively on its ability to meet travel demand.

  8. 3.1.2 THE SYSTEMS APPROACH cont’ • The design of a transport system should be achieved by a process of successively constrained choices.

  9. 3.1.2 THE SYSTEMS APPROACH cont’ • Sequence of constrained choices for the SYSTEMS APPROACH: • Specify the long-run developmental objectives for the region. E.G. have strong central area and avoid low-density peripheral (outside) areas

  10. 3.1.2 THE SYSTEMS APPROACH cont’ • Identify the location and investment decisions which together move in the direction of the first level objectives, e.g. housing investment would have to be diverted from peripheral areas into the existing built-up area;

  11. 3.1.2 THE SYSTEMS APPROACH cont’ • Specify the levels of accessibility needed to induce (create) the locational and investment changes required to achieve the long-run developmental objectives e.g. ensure poor accessibility to the peripheral areas, and good accessibility within the built-up area

  12. iv. Designate the levels of service implied by the accessibility conditions, e.g. high-speed public transport within the built-up area, with low-speed motor vehicle access on dual-purpose streets from peripheral (outside) areas.

  13. 3.1.2 THE SYSTEMS APPROACH cont’ SYSTEMS APPROACH is characterized by: • the desire to identify and define the objectives of the overall urban system, including the transport system. • This procedure is based on the use of criteria and standards which are related to the original objectives.

  14. 3.1.2 THE SYSTEMS APPROACH cont’ Advantages: • It allows for the implementation of transport proposals to be used positively as a determinant of urban form. • It can be applied to assess the impact of transport proposals on the short-term movement habits

  15. 3.1.2 THE SYSTEMS APPROACH cont’ • It can be applied to assess the impact of transport proposals on the long-term locationalbehaviour of firms and individuals. • It also enables modifications to be made to the preferred urban structure in the light of the impact of the implementation of transport proposals.

  16. 3.1.2 THE SYSTEMS APPROACH cont’ • The systems approach distinguishes between urban transport planning as an engineering exercise, on the one hand, and as the design of a framework for the interaction for a viable urban community on the other.

  17. 3.1.2 THE SYSTEMS APPROACH cont’ Drawbacks (disadvantages) • It is very difficult to develop true alternative structures and policies if the starting point of the exercise is one set of common objectives. • The complex interrelationships involved in its application could well be self-defeating unless handled by experienced professionals.

  18. 3.1.3 THE CYCLIC APPROACH • The cyclic approach is concerned primarily with the development of true alternative sets of plans or policies. • Rather than having a traditional and basically linear progression from a common set of objectives there should be alternative sets of plans and policies to evaluation and selection.

  19. 3.1.3 THE CYCLIC APPROACH cont’ • A cyclic planning process solves this with each cycle commencing with the formulation (or re-formulation) of design, criteria, standards and proposed policies for each alternative to be tested. • At the end of each cycle conclusions are drawn and decisions made in order to determine which aspects of the alternatives should be considered further.

  20. 3.1.3 THE CYCLIC APPROACH cont’ Advantages: • It ensures that different goals and objectives can be derived from each alternative (in contrast to the traditional and systems approaches which rely on the formulation of one set of common goals). • This in turn makes it easier to develop plans and policies, which are true alternatives.

  21. 3.1.3 THE CYCLIC APPROACH cont’ Drawback (disadvantage) • Difficult to practically implement

  22. 3.2 THE INTEGRATED TRANSPORT PLANNING APPROACH 3.2.1 PURPOSE OF INTEGRATED TRANSPORT PLANNING The purpose of integrated transport planning is to resolve transport issues and problems in accordance with the goals and objectives of the authority.

  23. 3.2.1 PURPOSE OF INTEGRATED TRANSPORT PLANNING cont’ • Transport planning must be integrated with other branches of community planning, notably land use and development planning. The process includes: • identifying goals and objectives and • generating,evaluating and implementing policies, strategies and projects in order to achieve the stated goals and objectives.

  24. 3.2.1 PURPOSE OF INTEGRATED TRANSPORT PLANNING cont’ • Issues and problems are the reason for undertaking transport planning. • Goals and objectives provide its focus and policies, • and strategies and projects are its products.

  25. 3.2.1 PURPOSE OF INTEGRATED TRANSPORT PLANNING cont’ Thus, an integrated transport plan might include all or some of the following: • a land use framework and strategy • policies and strategies for infrastructure provision • travel and congestion management policies and strategies • public transport policies and strategies;

  26. 3.2.1 PURPOSE OF INTEGRATED TRANSPORT PLANNING cont’ • private transport policies and strategies regulating the movements of private cars, vans, light delivery vehicles (LDVs), motor cycles, bicycles and pedestrians. • freight movement and loading • a supply management strategy for public transport detailing the integrated network and permission policies for corridors and routes;

  27. 3.2.1 PURPOSE OF INTEGRATED TRANSPORT PLANNING cont’ • Road traffic safety policies and strategies; • an integrated long-tern, financial plan; • a business marketing plan for public transport; and • a short-term prioritised rolling budget for implementation of the plan.

  28. 3.2.2 FRAMEWORK FOR GUIDELINES AND REQUIREMENTS FOR INTERGRATED TRANSPORT PLANS The main components of an integrated transport plan, can be differentiated as: • core activities - planning activities which are common to all the major components of an integrated transport plan; and • functional activities or plan - which are specialist plans within the overall integrated transport plan.

  29. 3.2.3 PRINCIPLES UNDERLYING THE INTEGRATED TRANSPORTPLANNING PROCESS • PLANNING AS A CONTINUOUS PROCESS • This entails continuous review and testing of goals and objectives against key performance indicators (KPls). B) BALANCE BETWEEN LONG-TERM AND SHORT-TERM PLANNING • Need this to achieve a balance of low-capital and high-capital projects and for investments in transport infrastructure

  30. 3.2.3 PRINCIPLES UNDERLYING THE INTEGRATED TRANSPORT PLANNING PROCESS cont’ C) REALISTIC HANDLING OF FUTURE UNCERTAINTIES • A single future is inflexible when other future eventuates. • future uncertainty should be provided for in the planning process. • Specific • Scenarios, or visions, should be bench-marked against best and worst case scenarios.

  31. 3.2.3 PRINCIPLES UNDERLYING THE INTEGRATED TRANSPORT PLANNING PROCESS cont’ D) BALANCE BETWEEN THE ELEMENTS OF PLANNING STUDIES E) ENCOURAGING CONSTRUCTIVE PUBLIC PARTICIPATION • Planning should not be undertaken solely from a technical standpoint: • constructive public participation is an essential component. • This will prevent public opposition towards plans which can easily result in delays and frustrations for all.

  32. 3.2.3 PRINCIPLES UNDERLYING THE INTEGRATED TRANSPORT PLANNING PROCESS cont’ F) INTEGRATION OF TRANSPORT AND LAND USE PLANNING • transportation of goods and people is not an end in itself, but a means to achieving wider community objectives like economic development. • Transport is a significant cost factor in manufacturing, distribution and retail activity.

  33. 3.2.3 PRINCIPLES UNDERLYING THE INTEGRATED TRANSPORT PLANNING PROCESS cont’ • Integrating land use and transport can minimise the cost of production and distribution and contain (keep from increasing) the mobility costs for households and individuals. G) CONSIDERATION OF ALL MODES • To be comprehensive, all transport modes has to be taken into consideration

  34. 3.2.4 BASIC OUTLINE OF AN INTEGRATED TRANSPORT PLAN The main elements of an integrated transport plan are listed below: • A description of the existing transport situation (status quo) • The description should include existing goals and objectives, the public and private (road and rail) transportation networks, population and employment distribution, land use, trip-making characteristics, transport problems, issues, and environmental constraints.

  35. 3.2.4 BASIC OUTLINE OF AN INTEGRATED TRANSPORT PLAN cont’ • A detailed demand or market analysis for movement by either public or private modes of travel, in different corridors or along the routes which comprise the integrated transport plan public and private networks; • A long-term or strategic plan designed to meet the various transport needs of the area in terms of the adopted polities.

  36. 3.2.4 BASIC OUTLINE OF AN INTEGRATED TRANSPORT PLAN cont’ • A business and marketing plan for public transport, setting out the public transport market analysis and the marketing plan. • A monitoring programme, specified in terms of key performance indicators (KPls), which measures the effectiveness of the implementation programme in achieving the specified objectives;

  37. 3.2.4 BASIC OUTLINE OF AN INTEGRATED TRANSPORT PLAN cont’ • A financial plan giving estimates and expected sources of revenue and expenditure arising out of the preparation, implementation and operation of the transport plan.

  38. 3.2.5 ILLUSTRATION OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE ELEMENTSOF A TRANSPORT PLAN EXAMPLE of a Transport Plan (A) PROBLEM • Central business district (CBD) streets are congested with low occupancy vehicles during peak periods. • Travel times are long and parking facilities are inadequate. • On-street parking adds to the congestion and inhibits the free flow of public transport vehicles.

  39. EXAMPLE of a Transport Plan cont’ (B) ISSUE • Conflict of possible goals as follows; (i) to cater for private car traffic demand by creating additional road and parking space; or (ii) to reduce private car traffic demand to encourage public transport.

  40. EXAMPLE of a Transport Plan cont’ (C) GOAL • To encourage public transport travel to and within the CBD.

  41. EXAMPLE of a Transport Plan cont’ (D) OBJECTIVES (i) to increase the peak hour public transport modal share of commuter tips to the CBD from 50 percent to 70 percent by 2000; and (ii) to reduce parking supply from the current capacity of 70000 to 40000 by 2000.

  42. EXAMPLE of a Transport Plan cont’ (E) POLICY • Restraint of private car usage for trips to the CBD. • Promotion of effective public transport concentrating initially on the fast growing car-owning suburbs and then promoting it in all areas.

  43. EXAMPLE of a Transport Plan cont’ (F) STRATEGIES • Undertake a number of complementary projects at specified estimated costs: • Implement radical bus priority schemes by dedicating general road space to buses only; • Improve bus penetration of target areas at both origin and destination;

  44. EXAMPLE of a Transport Plan cont’ Strategies cont’ • Improve off-peak bus services within the CBD; • Finance public transport improvements from new CBD entry levies on low-occupancy vehicles; • Reduce parking standards from 4 bays/100m^2 of gross leasable area to 2 bays/100m^2 • Test responses to the above measures by public involvement campaigns and surveys.

  45. (G) MONITORING • Conduct traffic counts on a cordon around the CBD to show the collective effectiveness of strategies; • Monitor public response, costs, travel times, parking demand and retail sales figures in the CBD to obtain indicators of how effectively the problem is being solved.

  46. Where behavioural adjustments are threatening to the property market or the viability of the targeted area, it could prove to be necessary to modify the policy or strategy so as not to undermine investor and business confidence, • Alternatively, it could be necessary to implement the policy comprehensively, over a metropolitan or even provincial area, to avoid giving one area advantage over another. • This example illustrates the need for provincial or even national co-ordination.

  47. 3.3 IMPORTANT CONCEPTS IN TRANSPORTATION PLANNING 3.3.2 SUMMARY OF DEFINITIONS OF TRANSPORT PLANNING TERMINOLOGY • Accessibility is the ease of access, expressed as time or cost, to residents of activities such as work, shopping, school and recreation. • Contract is an agreement between an authority and an operator regarding the delivery of a public transport service at an agreed price.

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