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The Near East Before the Crusades

The Near East Before the Crusades. HIST 3004 9/6/13. The Five P illars of I slam. Shah a da : Testimonial of faith Salat : Prayer, five times a day Sawm : Fasting during the month of Ramadan Zakat : Alms-giving (2.5%) Hajj : Pilgrimage to Mecca once during your lifetime.

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The Near East Before the Crusades

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  1. The Near East Before the Crusades HIST 3004 9/6/13

  2. The Five Pillars of Islam • Shahada: Testimonial of faith • Salat: Prayer, five times a day • Sawm: Fasting during the month of Ramadan • Zakat: Alms-giving (2.5%) • Hajj: Pilgrimage to Mecca once during your lifetime

  3. The sources of Muslim belief • The Qur’an: Codification of revelations • Collected in the decades following Muhammad’s death • Emphasis on oral tradition • Qur’an vs. mushaf • ijazah • Surah: Chapter of the Qur’an, 114 total 9th century Qur’an manuscript; page from an 11th century Qur’an

  4. The Sources of Muslim Belief • Hadith: The Sayings and Doings of the Prophet Muhammad • What Would Muhammad Do? • Isnadand matn • Six “sound/sahih” collections • Sunna: Normative practice

  5. Shariah and Jurisprudence • ῾Ulama’: Religious Scholar • Fiqh: Jurisprudence • Qiyas: Analogy • Ijmaʿ: Consensus • Madhhab: School of Islamic jurisprudence

  6. Islam as Empire Brown = conquests 622-632CE; red = conquests 632-661CE; yellow = conquests 661-750CE

  7. The Caliphate • Caliph: Deputy • Rashidun/Rightly Guided Caliphs (632-661CE) • Selected from close companions of the Prophet • Umayyad Caliphate (661-750CE) • First hereditary dynasty • ʿAbbasid Caliphate (750-1258CE) Image of Muhammad and the Four Rashidun Caliphs

  8. The Early Caliphate and the Sunni – Shi’ite Divide • ʿAli b. AbiTalib (r. 656-661) • Fitna: disturbance or civil war • Muawiya (r. 661-680) • Imam: leader of the community • Husayn b. ʿAli • Battle of Karbala 19th century Iranian depiction of the Battle of Karbala by Abbas al-Musavi at the Brooklyn Museum

  9. The World of Late Antiquity • Byzantine Empire (330-1453) • Sasanian Empire (224-651) • 500BCE – 628CE: Competition between Greco-Roman and Persian empires • Byzantine-Sasanian War (602-628) Relief at Naqsh-i Rustam featuring Roman Emperor Valerian being captured by Sasanian ShahanshahShapur I in 256.

  10. The Arab-Muslim Conquests Brown = conquests 622-632CE; red = conquests 632-661CE; yellow = conquests 661-750CE

  11. Arab Muslims and Non-Muslims • Conquering Arabs were a minority in empire • No tradition of empire • Reliance on conquered peoples • Islam, taxes, or the sword • Amsar: Garrison cities • Keep Arabs from allure of Byzantine/Sasanian cities Examples of Byzantine coin and Arab-Byzantine coin

  12. Ahl al-Kitaband Dhimma • Ahl al-Kitab: People of the Book • Dhimma: Protected minorities • Jizya: Poll tax paid by dhimmis • Mawla: Status of clientage • Incentives for both protecting non-Muslim minorities and discouraging conversion. Church of the Holy Sepulchre, Jerusalem

  13. The Sunni/Shi’i Split • Begins as a political dispute • Over succession of the caliphate. • 656CE: Assassination of • ‛Uthman • Battle of the Camel • Battle of Siffin • ‛Ali vs. Mu’awiya • Shi’ite: Party of ‛Ali; ‛Alids • Yazid and the Umayyads • Imam vs. Caliph • 680CE: Martyrdom of Husayn • at Karbala Shi’ite poster commemorating the martyrdom of the Imam Husaynat Karbala (d. 680CE)

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