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The Near East Before the Crusades (cont.)

The Near East Before the Crusades (cont.). HIST 3004 9/9/13. History Club Meeting. 5:30-7:00, Wed. Sept. 11 McMicken Room 357. Syria and the United Stands: Internal and International Politics of Crisis and Intervention. 4:00-5:30, Thur. Sept. 12 800 Swift Hall Panel including

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The Near East Before the Crusades (cont.)

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  1. The Near East Before the Crusades (cont.) HIST 3004 9/9/13

  2. History Club Meeting • 5:30-7:00, Wed. Sept. 11 • McMicken Room 357

  3. Syria and the United Stands: Internal and International Politics of Crisis and Intervention • 4:00-5:30, Thur. Sept. 12 • 800 Swift Hall • Panel including • Elizabeth Frierson (History) • Richard Harknett (Political Science) • Andrew Lewis (Political Science) • Stephen Porter (History) • Robert Haug (History) (moderator)

  4. The Umayyads and the ‛Abbasids The Umayyads (r. 661-750) vs. the ‛Abbasids (r. 750-1258) Arab Kingdom vs. Muslim Empire (or Persian Empire) Jihad State vs. Imperial State Narrow support vs. Multiple constituencies

  5. The ‛Abbasid Revolution • da`wa: Period of propagation • Shi’ite? • al-rida min aal Muhammad (the chosen one from the family of Muhammad) • Sunni? • Are the Umayyads irreligious? • Military/Khurasanian? • abna al-dawla (sons of the dynasty) • Are the Umayyads too attached to Syria?

  6. The `Abbasid Revolution 747: Abu Muslim leads siege of Marw (modern Mary in Turkmenistan) easternmost frontier garrison and capital of Khurasan.

  7. Early `Abbasid Caliphs 749 - al-Saffah (the Slaughterer) 754 – al-Mansur (the Victorious) 775 – al-Mahdi (the Redeemer) 785 – al-Hadi (the Rightly Guided) 786 – Harun al-Rashid

  8. al-Mansur’s Round City • 762CE – Foundation of Baghdad • Newly founded as ‛Abbasid • capital. • Located in Iraq, at the center of • the empire. “This is indeed the city I am to found, where I am to live, and where my descendents will reign afterwards.”

  9. Cosmopolitan Baghdad • Bayt al-Hikma • House of Wisdom • Translation • projects • Arabic as lingua • franca • Astronomy • Mathematics • Medicine • Philosophy

  10. The Islamic Golden Age Philosophy – IbnSina (Avicenna) (ca. 980-1037) Mathematics - al-Khwarizmi (ca. 780 – 850) Astronomy – al-Farghani (active 833 – 861) Medicine – al-Razi (Rhazes) (865-925) Chemistry – Jabir (Geber) (ca. 721 – ca. 815)

  11. Literature • 1,001 Nights • KhalilawaDimna • Tales migrate from India, • Through Iran, and into Islamic • world.

  12. `Abbasid Civil War 810-813: War between sons of Harun al-Rashid al-Amin: supported by Baghdadis, descendents of fighters of the ‛Abbasid Revolution, established ‛Abbasid elites al-Ma’mun: supported by Khurasanis, Persians al-Mu`tasim (833): Employs Turkish mamluk (slave) bodyguard

  13. Samarra’ 836: founded by al-Mu`tasim 861: Assassination of al-Mutawakkil 865: Second Civil War 892: Capital returned to Baghdad

  14. An Expanding Umma • 9th and 10th centuries: Explosion of conversion, the Caliphate is finally majority Muslim. • Non-Arabs contest Arab supremacy. • Shu’ubiyya • Qur’an 49:13 “O mankind! We created you from a single (pair) of a male and a female, and made you into nations (shu‛ūb) and tribes (qabā’il), that you may know each other. Surely the most honored of you in the sight of Allah is the most righteous of you. And indeed Allah is All-Knowing and All-Informed.”

  15. Things Fall Apart

  16. New Persian and the Samanids • The Iranian Intermezzo • Tahirids (r. 821-873) • Saffarids (r. 861-1003) • Samanids (r. 819-1005) • Buyids (r. 945-1055) • New Persian • Arabic script and Arabic loan words • Translation of Arabic texts, histories • and Qur’anic commentaries • (Why not the Qur’an itself?) • Shahnamah • The Persian Book of Kings

  17. Shi’ite Opposition • Buyids (r. 945-1055) • Shi’ites from northern Iran • Capture Baghdad, but leave • the Caliph in place • Fatimids (r. 909-1171) • Shi’ites from North Africa • Control Egypt and Syria • Counter-Caliphate

  18. The Seljuqs (1037-1194) Turks from Central Asia Sunni Revival Complete collapse of centralization

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