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Ch 23-25

Ch 23-25. Circulation and Respiration Digestive and Urinary Communication and Control. I.      The Cardiovascular System Function: Transports materials to & from your cells. Cardio = “heart” Vascular = “vessel” Made up of three parts: blood, the heart, & blood vessels. Blood -

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Ch 23-25

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  1. Ch 23-25 Circulation and Respiration Digestive and Urinary Communication and Control

  2. I.      The Cardiovascular System Function: Transports materials to & from your cells. Cardio = “heart” Vascular = “vessel” Made up of three parts: blood, the heart, & blood vessels.

  3. Blood- • The body contains about 5L of blood. • Connective tissue made up of: • Red Blood Cells (RBC) • supply your cells with oxygen • Take carbon dioxide away from your cells • most abundant blood cell • contain the protein hemoglobin • Clings to the oxygen • gives them a red color (Iron) • donut shaped • made in the bone marrow. • Movie : RBC (4:00) Unitedstreaming.com blood 1995. 4 minutes.

  4. White blood cells (WBC) • fight pathogens (bacteria & other viruses) • Engulf the pathogens found in body • release chemicals called antibodies • help clean wounds • remove dead or damaged body cells. • Made in the bone marrow & may mature in specific lymphatic organs. • MOVIE : Compare Red & White Blood Cells (1:22) A comparison of WBC to RBC United streaming.com blood 1995 1.5 minutes • Platelets • assist in blood clotting • to stop bleeding when vessels are damaged • make tiny fibers to form a net creating a blood clot • Fragments of larger cells that live in the bone marrow. • Movie : Platelets (1:00) United streaming .com Blood 1995 1 minute

  5. http://fig.cox.miami.edu/~cmallery/150/proceuc/rbc.gif http://www.globalrph.com/globalnav/rbc.jpg http://www.abcbodybuilding.com/glutamine_files/wbc.jpg http://web.ncifcrf.gov/rtp/ial/eml/images/rbc1.jpg

  6. Plasma – Fluid part of blood. • Water, nutrients, sugars, proteins, etc • RBC’s, WBC’s, and Platelets float in plasma. Movie : Plasma (6:00) Video 5 min united streaming blood 1995

  7. Heart- • pumps oxygen poor blood to the lungs & oxygen rich blood to the body. • divided into a right and left half and has four chambers • 2 upper each called atrium • 2 lower each called ventricle. • Valves are located between the atria and ventricles, also where arteries attach to the heart. • These keep blood flowing in one direction & • give us the “lub-dub” sound when they snap shut. • Movie : The Heart (4:00) United streaming.com 1997 human body systems 4.5 minutes

  8. members.rogers.com/.../ html/heart_diagram.html

  9. Blood Vessels- • Arteries- • vessels that take blood away from the heart • thick elastic walls to take the high pressure from the heartbeat. • Pulse is the name for the rhythmic change in blood pressure within the arteries. • Capillaries- • smallest vessels at only one cell thick. • Blood cells pass through them in single file & diffuse nutrients to and from body cells. • No body cell is more than 3 to 4 cells away from a capillary. • They connect arteries to veins. • Veins- • take blood back to the heart. They • contain valves to keep blood from moving backwards. • Skeletal Muscles squeeze veins & help push blood back to the heart.

  10. Blood Flow- Your blood travels two different paths as it leaves and returns to your heart. • Pulmonary Circulation- Right side of Heart lungs Left side of Heart • Exchanging CO2 for O2 !! • Systemic Circulation- LS of Heart Body Cells RS of Heart • Exchanging 02 for CO2 and Nutrient / Waste

  11. Blood Pressure- is the force exerted on the inside walls of an artery. • Normal pressure is 120/80. • 1st Number (120) • systolic pressure • pressure when ventricles contract • 2nd Number (80) • diastolic pressure • pressure when ventricles relax. • Exercise- causes your heart rate to go up because muscles need more oxygen and nutrients.

  12. Blood Types- • A, B, AB, & O are the four types. • RBC’s have a chemical on their surface called antigens. (antigens are proteins) • WBC’s in the plasma make chemicals called antibodies. • When the wrong Blood types are mixed, the antibodies from one will clump with the antigens of the other, causing a blockage. • Type O is Universal Donor (give to anyone) • Type AB is Universal Recipient (get from anyone)

  13. Movie : Blood Types (6 min) United streaming Inquiring minds. TV Ontario 2000 http://www.sirinet.net/~jgjohnso/bloodtype.jpg

  14. Problems- can be caused by smoking, high cholesterol, stress, heredity, and other factors. • 1. Atherosclerosis- is the leading cause of death in the U.S. & occurs when fatty materials build up in blood vessels. They become narrower and less elastic. When a vessel that feeds the heart is blocked, a heart attack may occur. • Hypertension- is abnormally high blood pressure & is dangerous because it over works the heart and weakens vessels causing them to rupture. If this occurs in the brain, it will not receive oxygen & nutrients causing a stroke

  15. RESPIRATORY SYSTEM (pp.556-559) Function: process of the body obtaining and using oxygen while removing carbon dioxide and water. 2 parts: breathing- inhaling & exhaling cellular respiration- the chemical reactions that release energy from food.

  16. Breathing Organs- • Nose- primary passageway in & out of the system. • Pharynx- passageway for both air and drink that branches off into two tubes; the esophagus, leads to the stomach and the larynx. • Larynx- or voice box contains vocal cords that are stretched across the opening. • Trachea- or windpipe, leads to the lungs. http://www.nsknet.or.jp/~katoh/image/pharynx.gif

  17. Bronchi- the trachea splits into two tubes, one going to each lung. They branch into smaller tubes called bronchioles. • Lungs- where each bronchiole branches to form thousands of alveoli, or air sacs. Capillaries http://chickscope.beckman.uiuc.edu/explore/embryology/day15/graphics/alveoli.gif

  18. http://www.paems.org/eWebquiz/drowning/lung%20and%20alveoli.jpghttp://www.paems.org/eWebquiz/drowning/lung%20and%20alveoli.jpg

  19. How Do You Breathe? – • Diaphragm- a dome shaped muscle underneath the lungs, and rib muscles. • The diaphragm contracts and moves down as the rib muscles contract and move up, increasing the volume of the chest cavity. When this occurs, an area of low air pressure is created in the lungs. Air pressure outside the body forces air into the lungs to equalized the pressures. • To exhale the diaphragm relaxes and different rib muscles contract to decrease the volume of the lungs and force air out. Movie : Breathing (2:45) • United learning 1997. Human body systems :Respiration.Breathing 2 minutes 47 seconds

  20. Cellular Respiration- In the lungs, oxygen is absorbed into the RBC’s & carried to the cells where it is used to break molecules of nutrients apart and release energy that has been stored. Carbon dioxide & water are waste products that return to the blood and are taken back to the lungs to be exhaled. (See figure 15, p.558) http://biology.clc.uc.edu/graphics/bio104/cellresp.jpg

  21. Respiratory Disorders • Asthma- irritants cause tissue around bronchioles to constrict and secrete large amounts of mucus making breathing difficult. • Bronchitis- irritation of the lining of the bronchioles and alveoli. • Pneumonia- bacteria or virus that cause bronchioles to fill with fluid and may cause suffocation. • Smoking- leading cause of cardiovascular & lung diseases. • Emphysema causes lung tissue to erode away making it hard to get needed oxygen. • Lung cancer is also associated with smoking.

  22. http://www.besttreatments.co.uk/btuk/images/lung_cancer_xray.jpghttp://www.besttreatments.co.uk/btuk/images/lung_cancer_xray.jpg http://info.med.yale.edu/intmed/cardio/imaging/cases/pneumonia_rll/graphics/rad1.gif

  23. The Digestive System • A group of organs that work together to digest food so that it can be used by the body. http://www.umm.edu/digest/howworks.htm

  24. Digestive System at a Glance- • The Digestive Tract- Food passes thru! • long tube with an opening at each end • mouth, throat, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum & anus • Food does not pass thru! • These organs secrete substances used in digestion • liver, gall bladder, pancreas, & salivary glands. • Movie : United streaming food into fuel our digestive system 1992

  25. The Journey of a Sandwich- There are two types of digestion: • Mechanical Digestion- is the crushing, breaking, & mashing of food. • Chemical Digestion- large molecules are broken down into nutrients needed for normal growth, maintenance and repair. Nutrients include proteins,carbohydrates & fats. • Movie  : United streaming food into fuel our digestive system 1992 • Movie  : Mechanical vs. chemical digestion 1:58 • Enzymes- are special substances that break nutrients into smaller particles that the body can use. For Example, proteins break down to amino acids.

  26. Digestion Begins in the Mouth- Chewing creates small slippery pieces of food that are easier to swallow and easier to digest. http://www.scphillips.com/gifs/photos/Page%201/My%20big%20mouth.jpg

  27. Through the Teeth- With the help of muscles and jawbones, your teeth are able to break and grind food. • The outer layer is enamel, the hardest material in your body. It protects nerve endings & soft material inside the tooth. • Molars are the teeth in back that grind food. • The premolars mash food. And in the front, • the incisors & canines are sharp so that you can rip and shred food www.caribbeanedu.com/ kewl/health/health01.asp

  28. Over the Gums- As you chew; food is mixed with saliva from the salivary glands in the mouth. • Saliva contains an enzyme that starts the digestion of carbohydrates, • Carbohydrates broken down into simple sugars. • Look out Stomach- • Your tongue pushes food into the throat • Which leads to a tube called the esophagus. • Peristalsis is the rhythmic muscle contraction in the esophagus that forces food into the stomach. • Movie  : Peristalsis in the esophagus 1:42United streaming food into fuel our digestive system 1992

  29. The Stomach’s Harsh Environment- • Stomach- A muscular, baglike organ at the end of the esophagus, • The stomach squeezes food with muscular contractions. • It also produces enzymes & acids that work together to break food into nutrients. • Combined mechanical & chemical action reduces food to a mixture called chyme. Chyme then moves through a valve, in small amounts, into the small intestine. This allows time to mix with fluids from the liver and pancreas. • Movie  : Stomach chemical and mechanical digestion 1:34 United streaming food into fuel our digestive system 1992

  30. The Small Intestine- is a muscular tube about 2.5 cm in diameter and about 6 m long. • Villi- Finger like projections in the small intestine. They are covered by tiny nutrient absorbing cells. Because the villi extend into the chyme, they increase the surface area of the small intestine and have a greater exposure to nutrients. Absorbed nutrients enter the bloodstream. Chyme moves through the small intestine by peristalsis. Proteins, carbohydrates, & fats are chemically digested with the help of enzymes produce in the small intestine and pancreas. Villi and circulation 2:43

  31. The Pancreas- • - is a fish shaped organ located between the stomach and small intestine. It makes juice that contains digestive enzymes & bicarbonate that neutralizes the acid in the chyme. The pancreas also is part of the endocrine system, making hormones that regulate blood sugar.

  32. . The Liver & Gall Bladder- The liver is a large reddish-brown organ that has several jobs: 1.   1. Makes bile that is stored in a baglike organ called • the gallbladder. Through physical digestion, bile • breaks up fat in the small intestine. • 2.Stores nutrients that are not needed right away. The • liver then releases them into the blood as needed. • 3.Captures and detoxifies many substances in the body like alcohol & drugs. • 4. It also makes cholesterol for cell membranes.

  33. Digestion in the small intestine.2:30 ( good) • Answer the following questions based on this clip. • 1. What does bile do? • 2. Where does the digestion of protein begin? • 3. Where does the digestion of starch begin?

  34. The End of the Line- • The large intestine receives whatever cannot be absorbed into the bloodstream. It stores, compacts, and then eliminates indigestible material from the body.

  35. . The large intestine reabsorbs most of the water creating feces or stool. Fiber, from fruits and vegetables, called cellulose cannot be digested. It is helpful in keeping the stool soft & moving things through the large intestine. • 1.The rectum is the last section of the large intestine. It stores feces until it can be expelled through the anus. The whole process takes about 24 hours. • Large intestine- very specific diagrams 2:33

  36. I. Problems of the Digestive System- • 1. Heartburn- The backflow of chyme from the • stomach into the esophagus causing a buring pain in the chest. • 2.Constipation & Diarrhea- Lack of fiber, water or • exercise can cause contents to become dry. This is • called constipation. Frequent, watery bowel • movements are called diarrhea and can cause the • body to dehydrate.

  37. 2.Colon Cancer- When large intestine cells divide • uncontrollably causing a tumor. These interfere • with the normal function of organs. They can also • break away and start tumors in other areas of the • body. It can be treated if detected early. • 3.Gastric Ulcer- An open sore in the stomach lining. • High fat diets, smoking, caffine and alcohol can • make this condition worse. (Figure 10, p. 575)

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