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WWII – Two Spheres

Ch. 20.2 & 20.4 Petterson. WWII – Two Spheres. Asia. Japanese Offensives Pearl Harbor – Philippines – Japan attacks islands, MacArthur is forced to withdrawal troops. In April Japanese control Philippines.

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WWII – Two Spheres

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  1. Ch. 20.2 & 20.4 Petterson WWII – Two Spheres

  2. Asia

  3. Japanese Offensives • Pearl Harbor – • Philippines – Japan attacks islands, MacArthur is forced to withdrawal troops. In April Japanese control Philippines. • Next Plan: Attack Midway Island, and New Guinea with the hope of destroying American fleet. To cut off American supply lines with Australia.

  4. American Response • Attack Japanese mainland – led by James Doolittle - this outraged leaders and commanders there. • Ambush Japanese fleet headed for New Guinea (intelligence code breakers alerted US of attack). Supply lines stay open. • Intercept Japanese fleet headed for Midway – led by Admiral Nimitz - where U.S. aircraft attacked Japanese planes and carriers (killing 3000 J & 360 US) forcing them to retreat.

  5. Two Part Plan to defeat Japan • First: Admiral Nimitz leads “island hopping” campaign, capturing one island at a time, getting closer to Japan. Marshall & Mariana Islands = Coral Reef • amphtracs (boats with tank tracks) become very important to protect soldiers. • Second: General MacArthur invades Guadalcanal, then the Japanese base on North New Guinea. The Battle to take back Philippines was long and bloody. Eventually the Japanese retreat. • Leyte Gulf – largest Naval battle in history. First time kamikaze pilots were used.

  6. Europe

  7. Europe • North Africa -- Morocco and Algeria: Attack “periphery” of German occupied territory. • Led by Eisenhower and General George Patton, troops struggled against German troops and after more than a year the Germans surrendered. • Atlantic – Sub warfare • America was losing many ships and tons of supplies to German subs. • Use of new technology sonar and radar helped pinpoint and attack Germans. Tables slowly turned.

  8. Germany Invades USSR – • Hitler’s confidant that he could control all of Europe. He wants Soviet oil fields, industry and farm land in order to knock them out of the war. • Stalingrad – Germans attacked the city and were instructed to hold it, but soviet troops surrounded city and cut off supplies, German troops (91,000) surrendered eventually. * Turning Point: Germans are now on the defensive for the first time in WWII

  9. Casablanca Conference • Churchill and Roosevelt • Plan to increase bombing of Germany • agree to attack Sicily, Italy. • Bombing of Germany created an oil shortage and they could not fly their planes. • Sicily invasion (Eisenhower) pushes Germany off the island in 2 months. The rest of Italy took 5 months (and 300,000) allied casualties.

  10. Conference in Tehran – late 1943 • Churchill, Roosevelt, & Stalin meet Stalin agrees to • Attack Germans when Allies invade France • Divide Germany • Help USA defeat Japan after German surrender • Support int’l peace-keeping org.

  11. Must “trick” the Germans who had heavily fortified the coast of France Pas de Calais - rubber tanks, dummies, fake landing craft. Normandy – D-Day – June 6th, 1944 Must take place at night for cover. Paratroopers (23,000) dropped into inland France. Bombers dropped bombs along the coast. Ships (7000) sailed with tanks, troops, supplies. After intense fighting and strong German resistance at Omaha and Utah beach, Allies were successful. Operation Overlord to recapture mainland (France) led by Eisenhower

  12. WWII Ends Victory in Europe Allied Priority: Eliminate Nazis in Europe to end atrocities – dedicate military resources to Europe. • Battle of the Hedgerows – thick dirt walls surrounding fields to fence in cattle and crops. Allowed Germans to defend their positions. • Ends in July 1944 when Allies break through. • Paris Liberated on August 25, 1944 (after French civilian uprising against Nazi Gov’t) • Battle of the Bulge – Last German offensive to close off Allied supply lines from Antwerp, Belgium. American troops holding Bastogne were surrounded by Germans who where then rescued by Patton’s troops in the winter of 1944.

  13. Germany - Defeat and Liberation: The Meeting at the Elbe

  14. The first meetings of Soviet and American troops along the Elbe river near Torgau in April, 1945, heralded the approaching end of the Second World War in Europe. From the West, the 69th Infantry Division of the US Army advanced on Torgau via Leipzig. From the East, the Soviet 58th Rifle Division approached the town, whose civilian population had been evacuated on April 13. On the morning of April 25, the retreating Germans blew up both of the bridges over the Elbe. Later that day, American and Soviet soldiers scrambled towards each other over the debris of the southern bridge, and together they celebrated the end of the war in Torgau. http://www.stsg.de/main/torgau/geschichte/histort/orte_elbbruecke_en.php

  15. Brig. Gen. Charles G. Helmick and Maj. Gen. Clarence R. Huebner of the U.S. V Corps meet with Soviet representatives near Torgau, Germany.

  16. Nazi Party Falls • Hitler commits suicide on April 30 1945 after choosing Grand Admiral Karl Doenitz to be his successor. • May 7, 1945 – Doenitz attempts to surrender to American & British forces while continuing to fight Russians, but Eisenhower insists on unconditional surrender. • Allied forces begin liberation of Concentration and Extermination camps throughout Nazi occupied territories. • V-E Day – Victory in Europe – May 8 1945

  17. Japan Surrenders Fighting in the Pacific - U.S. military must get closer to Japan in order to attack by air – B29s run out of fuel. • Iwo Jima –a good refueling station. Fighting was extremely violent, bloody, and fatal: 6,800 marines die. • Firebombs on Tokyo – bombs filled with Napalm (jellied gasoline intended to explode and start fires) were dropped killing huge numbers of civilians 80,000, and destroying 250,000 buildings in fire. • Okinawa – base closer to main island in order to prep. for full scale invasion. J soldiers dug into mountains and a long, bloody battle ensued killing more than 12,000 U.S. servicemen.

  18. Terms for Surrender • U.S. - demanded unconditional surrender = NO EMPEROR! • Japanese – would surrender only on the condition that the Emperor stayed. Manhattan Project – American program to build the atomic bomb • a team of int’l scientists based in Los Alamos New Mexico • Head: Gen. Groves with Robert J. Oppenheimer • July 16 1945 the worlds first atomic bomb detonated in New Mexico.

  19. Dropping the bomb • Allied threat: unconditional surrender or else “prompt and utter destruction” • August 6, 1945 8:15 am – A plane (Enola Gay) dropped “little boy” on Hiroshima destroying 76,000 buildings, killing 90,000 – 130,000 (estimates vary) instantly, and thousands more over the next 5 years. • August 9, 1945 “fat man” dropped on Nagasaki killing between 35,000 and 75,000 • August 15, 1945 - V-J Day - Japanese surrender • Emperor ordered government to surrender after Soviet declaration of war against Japan and huge destruction of atomic bombs. • Terms allowed Emperor to stay in place to keep J people from rebellion.

  20. Legacy of WWII Surrender Agreements • Germany Partitioned into 4 zones of occupation by Allies. • American, British and French zones combined in 1949 as Federal Republic of Germany. • Soviet zone became German Democratic Republic. • USSR also occupied much of eastern Europe and the Balkans, encouraging Communist regimes into power.

  21. Far Eastern Commission – 11 allied nations join to keep Japan in check (mostly U.S.) • Japan’s military is dismantled, industry fulfilled “peacetime needs” • Japan’s Empire replaced by a Constitutional Monarchy (w/ Emperor) by Gen. MacArthur.

  22. Nuremberg Trials • 22 leaders of Nazi Germany prosecuted for war crimes. • Lower ranking officials and military officers also tried in following years. • 36 executed for war crimes, 107 given prison sentences. “The wrongs we seek to condemn and punish have been so calculated, so malignant and so devastating, that civilization cannot tolerate their being ignored because it cannot survive their being repeated.” ~ Robert Jackson, chief attorney for U.S. at Nuremberg Trails.

  23. United Nations • Washing D.C. – delegates from 39 countries met to discuss an international peace keeping organization. • General Assembly – each country with a delegate has 1 vote. • Security Council – in charge of international peace and security. • 5 permanent members with veto power over any UN resolution. • Britain, France, China, Soviet Union, & U.S. • April 1945 the UN Charter is signed by 50 nations giving it the power to vote on resolutions, investigate international problems and propose settlements. • Currently 192 member states involved.

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