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International Standard Classification of Occupations, 2008 (ISCO-08)

International Standard Classification of Occupations, 2008 (ISCO-08). David Hunter Department of Statistics International Labour Office (ILO). Outline of presentation. Overview of development, purpose and progress of ISCO-08 Conceptual basis and design of ISCO-08

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International Standard Classification of Occupations, 2008 (ISCO-08)

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  1. International Standard Classification of Occupations, 2008 (ISCO-08) David Hunter Department of Statistics International Labour Office (ILO) Eurostat workshop on the data collection of occupational data, 19 November 2010, Luxembourg ISCO-08: work accomplished and future activities of ILO

  2. Outline of presentation • Overview of development, purpose and progress of ISCO-08 • Conceptual basis and design of ISCO-08 • Structure of ISCO-08 – Overview • Structure of ISCO-08 – Areas needing special attention • Collection and coding of data on occupation Eurostat workshop on the data collection of occupational data, 19 November 2010, Luxembourg ISCO-08: work accomplished and future activities of ILO

  3. Development of ISCO-08 • Consultation with all countries through 2 questionnaires: • December 2004 • September 2006 - draft structure • Analysis of questionnaires and discussion of results with UN Expert group and TEG/ISCO • Circulation of draft structures for comment • Adopted by Tripartite Meeting of Experts in Labour Statistics, December 2007 • Final structure released , January 2008 • Endorsed by ILO Governing Body, March 2008 • To be published in English, French, Spanish as soon as possible • Structure is available in all EU languages from • Eurostat Web discussion forum to support implementation Eurostat workshop on the data collection of occupational data, 19 November 2010, Luxembourg ISCO-08: work accomplished and future activities of ILO

  4. Work in progress Volume 1 • Introduction – circulated to experts for comment, final to be released in about 2 weeks • Definitions of categories – final draft released on web, July 2009 • Updated to improve clarity, based on comments received from EU and other stakeholders • Correspondence tables with ISCO-08 – draft on Web Volume 2 • Updated index – available within the next few months – to be released Volume 2 Eurostat workshop on the data collection of occupational data, 19 November 2010, Luxembourg ISCO-08: work accomplished and future activities of ILO

  5. What is ISCO used for? • International reporting, comparison and exchange of statistical and administrative data on occupation • A model for the development of national and regional classifications of occupations • Used directly in countries that have not developed their own nationalclassifications • National Occupation Classifications are used for: • Statistics from censuses, household surveys, employer surveys and other sources. • Administrative and policy-related activities such as: • matching job seekers with job vacancies • educational planning, • management of employment related international migration • Wage fixing in some countries (mainly centrally planned economies) Eurostat workshop on the data collection of occupational data, 19 November 2010, Luxembourg ISCO-08: work accomplished and future activities of ILO

  6. What ISCO is not • ISCO is NOT: • A tool for the recognition, regulation or accreditation of occupations, skills and competencies • An occupational dictionary providing detailed information on skills, competencies and other job content factors • the overall framework may, however, be adapted for such purposes in national or multinational contexts • For example, the European Skills Competencies and Occupations Taxonomy (ESCO) Eurostat workshop on the data collection of occupational data, 19 November 2010, Luxembourg ISCO-08: work accomplished and future activities of ILO

  7. Occupation classifications in employment services • Automatic matching of job-seekers to job vacancies • Job seekers and vacancies coded to National Occupation Classifications (NOC) • Resumes of matching jobseekers sent automatically to employers • Or job vacancy details sent to clients • May require more detail than provided by ISCO • Possible need for more detail in NOC Eurostat workshop on the data collection of occupational data, 19 November 2010, Luxembourg ISCO-08: work accomplished and future activities of ILO

  8. Integrated occupational information systems • Framework for provision of careers information • Identification of skill shortages or oversupply • Provision of integrated information about pay, job prospects, working hours, nature of work performed, for example: • US O*NET: http://online.onetcenter.org/ • Australian Job Outlook: http://joboutlook.gov.au/pages/help.aspx Eurostat workshop on the data collection of occupational data, 19 November 2010, Luxembourg ISCO-08: work accomplished and future activities of ILO

  9. Scope of the work undertaken What kinds of things were allowed to be changed? • ‘Conceptual model and Main structure should not be changed’ • Existing 10 major groups should remain • Concepts of skill level and skill specialization should still be used • Categories were merged, split and moved where necessary to reflect occupational change and to address known problems with ISCO-88 • New categories for new occupational groups • Size of groups was an important but not overriding consideration • Preserve the time series wherever possible • Definitions of new categories and update definitions of old ones • Review of the index Eurostat workshop on the data collection of occupational data, 19 November 2010, Luxembourg ISCO-08: work accomplished and future activities of ILO

  10. What was wrong with ISCO-88? • Seriously out-of-date in some areas: • (Eg. ICT, Office clerks, information clerks) • Excessive detail in some areas: • (Eg. plant and machinery operators) • Inadequate detail in some areas: • (Eg. service related occupations and occupations that predominate in the informal sector) • Wide variation in the size of some sub-major and minor groups • Classification structure for managerial occupations was not useful • Parallel groups in Major groups 2 and 3 due to differences in national education requirements Eurostat workshop on the data collection of occupational data, 19 November 2010, Luxembourg ISCO-08: work accomplished and future activities of ILO

  11. Major group 2, Professionals 2230 Nursing and midwifery professionals 2331 Primary education teaching professionals 2332 Pre-primary education teaching professionals 2340 Special education teaching professionals 2446 Social work professionals Major group 3, Technicians and associate professionals 3231 Nursing associate professionals 3232 Midwifery associate professionals 3310 Primary education teaching associate professionals 3320 Pre-primary education teaching associate professionals 3330 Special education teaching associate professionals 3460 Social work associate professionals Parallel groups in ISCO-88 Major groups 2 and 3 due to differences in national education requirements Eurostat workshop on the data collection of occupational data, 19 November 2010, Luxembourg ISCO-08: work accomplished and future activities of ILO

  12. ISCO - Some of the more significant changes in ISCO-08 (1) • Elimination of parallel groups at different skill levels if tasks performed are the same: • Virtually all teaching occupations are classified in Sub-major Group 24, Teaching professionals • Nurses are classified in Major groups 2 or 3 depending on tasks performed and not on qualifications alone • Reorganization of managerial occupations in Major Group 1 • Major updating and expansion of occupations in information and communications technology: • 2 new sub-major groups in Major groups 2 and 3 • Improved coverage and upgrading of health services occupations • Identifiable at sub-major group level in Major groups 2 and 3 and at Minor group level in Major group 5, Sales and Service Workers Eurostat workshop on the data collection of occupational data, 19 November 2010, Luxembourg ISCO-08: work accomplished and future activities of ILO

  13. ISCO - Some of the more significant changes in ISCO-08 (2) • Reorganization of the section of the classification dealing with office clerks: • Impact of information and communications technology • Increase from 2 to 4 sub-major groups in Major group 4, Clerical Support Workers • Reorganization of the aggregate groupings for sales and service workers: • Increase from 2 to 4 sub-major groups in Major group 5 • More detailed categories and greater clarity for some occupational groups involved in agriculture: • Farmers and farm managers are classified in Major group 6, Skilled agricultural forestry and fisheries workers, with few exceptions Eurostat workshop on the data collection of occupational data, 19 November 2010, Luxembourg ISCO-08: work accomplished and future activities of ILO

  14. ISCO - Some of the more significant changes (3) • More detailed categories for occupations providing information and services to clients, including tourism. • Rationalization and restructuring of groups for plant and machine operators: • Some reduction of detail considered excessive by many observers • New minor group for process control operators in Major group 3 • Extended coverage of occupations that are significant in the informal sector: • Associated increase in the number of sub-major groups in ISCO Major Group 9, Elementary occupations from 3 to 6. Eurostat workshop on the data collection of occupational data, 19 November 2010, Luxembourg ISCO-08: work accomplished and future activities of ILO

  15. Number of groups at each level of ISCO-08(Numbers for ISCO-88 are shown in brackets where different) Eurostat workshop on the data collection of occupational data, 19 November 2010, Luxembourg ISCO-08: work accomplished and future activities of ILO

  16. ISCO - Support for implementation • Publication and dissemination • Official version in English, French and Spanish • Manual on adapting ISCO for use in national and regional settings • Provision of training on a regional or sub-regional basis • Provision of technical assistance and advice directly to countries, subject to resource availability • Assistance with and review of correspondences between national classifications and ISCO-08 Eurostat workshop on the data collection of occupational data, 19 November 2010, Luxembourg ISCO-08: work accomplished and future activities of ILO

  17. CONCEPTUAL BASIS and design of Isco-08 Eurostat workshop on the data collection of occupational data, 19 November 2010, Luxembourg ISCO-08: work accomplished and future activities of ILO

  18. The concept of job • Statistics about the occupation of a person are collected in relation to a specific job held by that person • Job : a set of tasks and duties performed, or meant to be performed, by one person including for an employer or in self employment. • Some people have more than one job • In many collections countries data are collected only for the main job • Job vacancies can also be classified by occupation Eurostat workshop on the data collection of occupational data, 19 November 2010, Luxembourg ISCO-08: work accomplished and future activities of ILO

  19. Examples of jobs • Examples: • Security guard in a department store • Security guard at an airport • Accountant at a hotel • Bus driver who drives passengers to the aircraft at an airport • Bus driver employed by schools authority to drive school bus Eurostat workshop on the data collection of occupational data, 19 November 2010, Luxembourg ISCO-08: work accomplished and future activities of ILO

  20. Underlying concepts –ISCO-08 • Job : a set of tasks and duties performed, or meant to be performed, by one person including for an employer or in self employment. • Occupation: a set of jobs whose main tasks and duties are characterised by a high degree of similarity: • A person may be associated with an occupation through the main job currently held, a second job, or a job previously held • Occupations are organised into groups according to skill level and skill specialisation: • Skill level is applied mainly at the top (major group) level of the classification. • Within each major group occupations are arranged into unit groups, minor groups and sub-major groups, primarily on the basis of aspects of skill specialisation. Eurostat workshop on the data collection of occupational data, 19 November 2010, Luxembourg ISCO-08: work accomplished and future activities of ILO

  21. Skill – the ability to carry out the tasks and duties of a given job • Skill level : a function of the complexity and range of tasks and duties performed in an occupation: • Measured operationally by considering one or more of: • The nature of the work performed in an occupation in relation to the characteristic tasks and duties defined for each ISCO-08 skill level; • The level of formal education defined in terms of the International Standard Classification of Education (ISCED-97) required for competent performance of the tasks and duties involved; and • The amount of informal on-the-job training and/or previous experience in a related occupation required for competent performance of these tasks and duties. Eurostat workshop on the data collection of occupational data, 19 November 2010, Luxembourg ISCO-08: work accomplished and future activities of ILO

  22. ISCO-08 skill levels • Definitions of each of the four ISCO skill levels are provided: • They do not change the boundaries between the skill levels used in ISCO-88. • Each definition provides examples of: • the typical or characteristic tasks performed at each skill level, • the types of skill required (in broad terms), and • the typical occupations classified at that skill level Eurostat workshop on the data collection of occupational data, 19 November 2010, Luxembourg ISCO-08: work accomplished and future activities of ILO

  23. Mapping of the four ISCO-08 skill levels to ISCED-97 levels of education Eurostat workshop on the data collection of occupational data, 19 November 2010, Luxembourg ISCO-08: work accomplished and future activities of ILO

  24. Table 1: Mapping of ISCO-08 major groups to skill levels Eurostat workshop on the data collection of occupational data, 19 November 2010, Luxembourg ISCO-08: work accomplished and future activities of ILO

  25. Skill – the ability to carry out the tasks and duties of a given job (2) • Skill specialisation is considered in terms of four concepts: • the field of knowledge required • the tools and machinery used • the materials worked on or with: and • the kinds of goods and services produced. Eurostat workshop on the data collection of occupational data, 19 November 2010, Luxembourg ISCO-08: work accomplished and future activities of ILO

  26. The structure of isco-o8 - overview Eurostat workshop on the data collection of occupational data, 19 November 2010, Luxembourg ISCO-08: work accomplished and future activities of ILO

  27. ISCO-08 Major Group 1, Managers 11    Chief executives, senior officials and legislators     111 Legislators and senior officials          112  Managing directors and chief executives 12    Administrative and commercial managers     121  Business services and administration managers     122  Sales, marketing and development managers 13    Production and specialised services managers     131 Production managers in agriculture, forestry and fisheries 132  Manufacturing, mining, construction, and distribution managers     133  Information and communications technology service managers  134  Professional services managers 14    Hospitality, retail and other services managers     141  Hotel and restaurant managers     142  Retail and wholesale trade managers     143  Other services managers Eurostat workshop on the data collection of occupational data, 19 November 2010, Luxembourg ISCO-08: work accomplished and future activities of ILO

  28. Sub-major groups in Major group 2, Professionals - ISCO-88 and ISCO-08 Eurostat workshop on the data collection of occupational data, 19 November 2010, Luxembourg ISCO-08: work accomplished and future activities of ILO

  29. Sub-major groups in Major group 3, Technicians and associate professionals - ISCO-88 and ISCO-08 Eurostat workshop on the data collection of occupational data, 19 November 2010, Luxembourg ISCO-08: work accomplished and future activities of ILO

  30. Major group 4, Clerical support workers: Sub-major and minor groups 41 General and keyboard clerks 411 General office clerks 412 Secretaries (general) 413 Keyboard operators 42 Customer services clerks 421 Tellers, money collectors and related clerks 422 Client information workers 43 Numerical and material recording clerks 431 Numerical clerks 432 Material-recording and transport clerks 44 Other clerical support workers 441 Other clerical support workers Eurostat workshop on the data collection of occupational data, 19 November 2010, Luxembourg ISCO-08: work accomplished and future activities of ILO

  31. Major group 5, Sales and Service Workers 51 Personal service workers 511 Travel attendants, conductors and guides 512 Chefs and cooks 513 Waiters and bartenders 514 Hairdressers, beauticians and related workers 515 Building and housekeeping supervisors 516 Other personal services workers 52 Sales workers 521 Street and market salespersons 522 Shop salespersons 523 Cashiers and ticket clerks 524 Other sales workers 53 Personal care workers 531 Child care workers and teachers' aides 532 Carers in health services 54 Protective services workers 541 Protective services workers Eurostat workshop on the data collection of occupational data, 19 November 2010, Luxembourg ISCO-08: work accomplished and future activities of ILO

  32. Major group 6: Skilled agricultural, forestry and fisheries workers • Market-oriented skilled agricultural workers 612 Market gardeners and crop growers 612 Animal producers • Mixed crop and animal producers 62 Market-oriented skilled, forestry and fishery and hunting worker 621 Forestry and related workers 622 Fishery workers, hunters and trappers • Subsistence farmers, fishers, hunters and gatherers 631 Subsistence crop farmers 632 Subsistence livestock farmers 633 Subsistence mixed crop and livestock farmers 634 Subsistence fishers, hunters, trappers and gatherers Eurostat workshop on the data collection of occupational data, 19 November 2010, Luxembourg ISCO-08: work accomplished and future activities of ILO

  33. Major group 7, Craft and related trades workers: overview of changes • New Sub-major group 74, Electrotechnology trades workers • New minor group for all handicraft workers • Printing trades workers brought up-to-date • Less detail in some areas Eurostat workshop on the data collection of occupational data, 19 November 2010, Luxembourg ISCO-08: work accomplished and future activities of ILO

  34. 8 Plant and machine operators, and assemblers 81 Stationary plant and machine operators 811 Mining and mineral processing plant operators 812 Metal processing and finishing plant operators 813 Chemical and photographic products plant and machine operators 814 Rubber, plastic and paper products machine operators 815 Textile, fur and leather products machine operators 816 Food and related products machine operators 818 Other stationary plant and machine operators 82 Assemblers 821 Assemblers 83 Drivers and mobile plant operators 831 Locomotive engine drivers and related workers 832 Car, van and motorcycle drivers 833 Heavy truck and bus drivers 834 Mobile plant operators 835 Ships' deck crews and related workers Eurostat workshop on the data collection of occupational data, 19 November 2010, Luxembourg ISCO-08: work accomplished and future activities of ILO

  35. 9 Elementary occupations 91 Cleaners and helpers     911 Domestic, hotel and office cleaners and helpers      912 Vehicle, window, laundry and other hand cleaning workers   92  Agricultural, fishery and forestry labourers     921 Agricultural, fishery and forestry labourers      93  Labourers in mining, construction, manufacturing and transport     931 Mining and construction labourers     932 Manufacturing labourers     933 Transport and storage labourers  94  Food preparation assistants     941 Food preparation assistants   95  Street and related sales and service workers     951 Street and related service workers      952 Street vendors 96  Refuse workers and other elementary service workers     961 Refuse workers     962 Other elementary service workers Eurostat workshop on the data collection of occupational data, 19 November 2010, Luxembourg ISCO-08: work accomplished and future activities of ILO

  36. Major group 0, Armed forces occupations • New sub-major groups for Commissioned and Non-commissioned armed forces officers, and for Armed forces occupations, other ranks • Each sub-major group is at a different skill level 0 Armed Forces occupations 01 Commissioned armed forces officers 011 Commissioned armed forces officers 02 Non-commissioned armed forces officers 021 Non-commissioned armed forces officers 03 Armed forces occupations, other ranks 031 Armed forces occupations, other ranks Eurostat workshop on the data collection of occupational data, 19 November 2010, Luxembourg ISCO-08: work accomplished and future activities of ILO

  37. Session 4: International Standard Classification of Occupations, 2008 Structure of ISCO-08- areas needing special attention Eurostat workshop on the data collection of occupational data, 19 November 2010, Luxembourg ISCO-08: work accomplished and future activities of ILO

  38. Supervisors – Type 1 • Supervisors who: • carry out the same tasks and duties of the jobs they supervise • control the professional or technical quality of the work done by others Are classified with the workers they supervise/lead. • often called “foremen/-women” or “lead / team leaders” Eurostat workshop on the data collection of occupational data, 19 November 2010, Luxembourg ISCO-08: work accomplished and future activities of ILO

  39. Supervisors Type 2 • Supervisors who: • mainly plan, organize, co-ordinate, control and direct the work done by others • most of the time do not perform the tasks performed by those they supervise. • Separate categories have been created in those areas where this type of work is known to be common: • 3121 Mining supervisors • 3122 Manufacturing supervisors • 3123 Production supervisors • 3341 Office supervisors • 5151 Cleaning and housekeeping supervisors in offices, hotels and other establishments • 5222 Shop supervisors • there are clear occupational titles for these occurring occupations • supervisors not included above should be classified in the same unit group as the main occupation supervised. Eurostat workshop on the data collection of occupational data, 19 November 2010, Luxembourg ISCO-08: work accomplished and future activities of ILO

  40. Major group 1, Managers • managers may also plan, organize, co-ordinate, control and direct the work done by others • either directly or through the mediation of supervisors. • In addition managers control and make decisions about: • budgets • the overall strategic and operational direction of a business (or organizational unit) • hiring and firing. • Supervisors do not perform these tasks but may provide advice and assistance to managers, especially in relation to hiring and firing. Eurostat workshop on the data collection of occupational data, 19 November 2010, Luxembourg ISCO-08: work accomplished and future activities of ILO

  41. ISCO-08 Major Group 1 Managers- General principles 11    Chief executives, senior officials and legislators     111 Legislators and senior officials          112  Managing directors and chief executives 12    Administrative and commercial managers     121  Business services and administration managers     122  Sales, marketing and development managers 13    Production and specialised services managers     131 Production managers in agriculture, forestry and fisheries 132  Manufacturing, mining, construction, and distribution managers     133  Information and communications technology service managers  134  Professional services managers 14    Hospitality, retail and other services managers     141  Hotel and restaurant managers     142  Retail and wholesale trade managers     143  Other services managers Eurostat workshop on the data collection of occupational data, 19 November 2010, Luxembourg ISCO-08: work accomplished and future activities of ILO

  42. Owner operators of small enterprises • Mechanic who owns garage, works as a mechanic and employs 3 other mechanics? • Not relevant whether or not the person owns the business. • If the main work performed involves the tasks of a motor vehicle mechanic, or directly supervising the work of mechanics • Unit group 7231, Motor vehicle mechanics and repairers • If, however, the main work performed relates to management • Unit group, 1439 Service managers not elsewhere classified • only the case for the managers of workshops in the largest of vehicle dealerships or transportation companies Eurostat workshop on the data collection of occupational data, 19 November 2010, Luxembourg ISCO-08: work accomplished and future activities of ILO

  43. Owner operators of small enterprises - special cases (1) • Hoteliers – Unit group 1411, Hotel managers • But note: Operators of small establishments • some bed and breakfast establishments and small guest houses, • providing accommodation and limited meal services to clients effectively as paying guests in private households • For whom management and supervision of staff is not a significant component of the work, are classified in unit group 5152, Domestic housekeepers. Eurostat workshop on the data collection of occupational data, 19 November 2010, Luxembourg ISCO-08: work accomplished and future activities of ILO

  44. Owner operators of small enterprises 5221Shopkeepers Shopkeepers operate small retail shops either independently or with support from a small number of others. Tasks include (a) determining product mix, stock and price levels for goods to be sold; (b) purchasing and ordering goods for sale from markets, wholesalers and other suppliers (c) budgeting and maintaining records of stock levels and financial transactions; (d) determining prices and displaying goods for sale; (e) selling goods to customers and advising them on product use; (f) examining returned goods and deciding on appropriate action; (g) taking inventory of goods in stock. Examples of the occupations classified here: - Shopkeeper - Grocer - Newsagent Notes Only operators of small shops for whom the management and supervision of staff is not a significant component of the work are classified in Unit group 5221, Shopkeepers. Operators of shops where management tasks and supervision of staff are significant and frequent elements of the work are classified in Unit group 1420, Retail and wholesale trade managers. Staff who control and direct the activities of shop sales assistants, checkout operators and other workers, but who do not take responsibility for determining product mix, overall setting of prices, budgets and staffing levels, selection and recruitment are classified in Unit group 5222, Shop supervisors. Eurostat workshop on the data collection of occupational data, 19 November 2010, Luxembourg ISCO-08: work accomplished and future activities of ILO

  45. Nursing and related occupations 222  Nursing and midwifery professionals      2221 Nursing professionals      2222 Midwifery professionals 322 Nursing and midwifery associate professionals 3221 Nursing associate professionals 3222 Midwifery associate professional 532 Personal care workers in health services 5321 Health care assistants 5322 Home-based personal care workers 5329 Personal care workers in health services not elsewhere classified Eurostat workshop on the data collection of occupational data, 19 November 2010, Luxembourg ISCO-08: work accomplished and future activities of ILO

  46. Collection and coding of data on occupation ILO/UN recommendations Eurostat workshop on the data collection of occupational data, 19 November 2010, Luxembourg ISCO-08: work accomplished and future activities of ILO

  47. Occupation – information needed for coding • For accurate coding to any level of ISCO (and related national classifications) information is needed on: • Name or title of occupation • Main tasks or duties usually performed in the job • The following may information may also be useful • The type of economic activity of the establishment (industry) • Whether or not the main aim of the activity is own consumption (subsistence) • Information about the level of skill or qualifications of an individual, or about status in employment is not necessary and not useful • ILO does not recommend use of information about number of employees in the establishment Eurostat workshop on the data collection of occupational data, 19 November 2010, Luxembourg ISCO-08: work accomplished and future activities of ILO

  48. Occupation – types of question • Three types of question on occupation are typically used. • One or two pre-coded questions on the jobs that the individuals had (not recommended) • One (write-in) question to obtain occupation-relevant information about an individual’s job • Two or more (write-in) questions, a basic question on the title of the position held with follow-up on main tasks of the individual in the job • Since information on kind of economicactivityisalsousuallyavaliblethisisalsoused Eurostat workshop on the data collection of occupational data, 19 November 2010, Luxembourg ISCO-08: work accomplished and future activities of ILO

  49. Occupation – single open-ended questions • A single question such as: • What is the main occupation of (the person) in this workplace? • What kind of work did (the person) do? may provide adequate information from some but not all respondents • But may yield responses such as ‘Manager’, ‘Consultant’, ‘Farm work’ that can not be coded accurately to any level of ISCO • Interviewers need to be trained to probe when information provided is insufficient • Two questions are preferred Eurostat workshop on the data collection of occupational data, 19 November 2010, Luxembourg ISCO-08: work accomplished and future activities of ILO

  50. Occupation – multiple open-ended questions • Use of separate questions on job title and tasks performed generally assures that sufficient detail is provided • Asking for two different types of information helps the respondent to respond fully, for example: Title: Sales manager Tasks: Selling used cars Title: Customer service consultant Tasks: Selling used cars Eurostat workshop on the data collection of occupational data, 19 November 2010, Luxembourg ISCO-08: work accomplished and future activities of ILO

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