Sustainable Transport in Asian Cities: A Path to Environmental Preservation

1. Asian Urbanization, Transport Development and Environmental Sustainability: Is sustainable transport still possible for Asian cities? Presentation by Bindu N. Lohani, Dr. Eng. Director General and Chief Compliance Officer Regional and Sustainable Development Department Asian Development Bank International Conference on Environment and Transport 3 August 2005 Nagoya, Japan

2. Population (billions) 5 4 4.8 3.8 3.6 3 Total 2 2.4 Urban 2.664 1 1.367 1.48 0.575 0 1975 2000 2003 2030 Population and Urbanization Growth in Asia Source: World Urbanization Prospects, 2004. United Nations

3. Tokyo Bombay Lagos Dhaka Sao Paulo Karachi Mexico City New York Jakarta Calcutta Delhi Metro Manila Shanghai Los Angeles Buenos Aires Cairo Istanbul Beijing Rio de Janeiro Osaka Tianjin Hyderabad Bangkok 26.4 26.1 23.2 21.1 20.4 19.2 19.2 17.4 17.4 17.3 16.8 14.8 14.6 14.1 14.1 13.8 12.5 12.3 11.9 11.0 10.7 10.5 10.1 The Emergence and Growthof Megacities Population (million) Tokyo Mexico City Bombay Sao Paulo New York Lagos Los Angeles Calcutta Shanghai Buenos Aires Dhaka Karachi Delhi Jakarta Osaka Metro Manila Beijing Rio de Janeiro Cairo 19.8 18.1 18.1 17.8 16.6 13.4 13.1 12.9 12.9 12.6 12.3 11.8 11.7 11.0 11.0 10.9 10.8 10.6 10.6 1950 1975 2000 2015 New York 12.3 Tokyo19.8 New York 15.9 Shanghai 11.4 Mexico City 11.2 Sao Paulo 10.0 Source: United Nations, 2004

4. Urbanization and Productivity Sources: World Development Indicators, 2004. World Bank. World Urbanization Prospects, 2004. United Nations.

5. Air Pollution Trends Trends of Aggregated Annual Averages of SPM, PM10, & SO2 for selected Asian Cities (1993 – 2003) SPM Guidelines = 60-90 µg/m3 (WHO, 1979) PM10 Limit = 50 µg/m3 (USEPA, 1997) SO2 Guideline = 50 µg/m3 (WHO, 1999) Source: CAI-Asia, 2004

6. 4000 3500 3000 miilion tons C equivalent 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 0     Other Asia 1990 1998 1999 2005 2010 2015 2020     South Korea     India     China     Australasia     Japan Carbon dioxide Emissions Source: International Energy Agency, 2002

7. Emerging City Actions • Singapore – congestion pricing and vehicle ownership control • Seoul – demolished elevated highway to restore waterway, bike lanes, footpaths, and green spaces • 30 cities in Asia have introduced or are planning Bus-Rapid Transit Systems

8. Sustainable Urban Transportation (SUT) Planning • “Asian countries and cities urgently need a policy framework which prioritizes the movement of goods and persons instead of vehicles”

9. Sustainable Urban Transport • Build new institutional capacities and regulatory frameworks • Land-use planning concept integrating affordable, environment-friendly public transport and respects non-motorized transport • Sustained political will • Expanded investments in mass-transit, roads, etc. • Promote vehicle emission technology • Increased private sector involvement

10. Contribution of the Development Community • Increased investment for urban transportation and urban environment management • Policy advise on sustainable urban transport to central and local governments

11. ADB’s Response: Financing for Sustainable Urban Transport • ADB pilot program enabling sub-national governments (cities) to obtain direct loans • Promotion of Public-Private Partnerships • Facilitating funding for sustainable transport projects through Global Environment Facility (GEF) • Support to regional multi-stakeholder initiatives – Global Road Safety Partnership and Clean Air Initiative for Asian Cities

12. 5 Key Sustainable Urban Transport Measures for Asian Cities • Understand, analyze, and raise awareness on the relationships and economic costs of air pollution, traffic congestion, and road accidents • Develop pro-public transport policies • Acknowledge the importance of non-motorized transport including pedestrian access • Develop road maps for the introduction of cleaner vehicles and fuels • Develop and implement sustainable land-use plan which prioritize the movement of goods and vehicles

13. Thank you.