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THE CELL

THE CELL. Basic Unit of Life. Cell Song. Cell Theory. Principles of Cell Theory 1. Cells are basic units of life 2. Biogenesis - All Cells arise from other cells 3. E nergy flow (metabolism & biochemistry) of life occurs within cells.

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THE CELL

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  1. THE CELL Basic Unit of Life Cell Song

  2. Cell Theory • Principles of Cell Theory • 1. Cells are basic units of life • 2. Biogenesis - All Cells arise from other cells • 3. Energy flow (metabolism & biochemistry) • of life occurs within cells. • 4.. All organisms are made of one or more cells • Prokaryotic = 1 cell (Unicellular) • Eukaryotic = 2 or more cells (Multicellular)

  3. Prokaryote Eukaryote

  4. Bacteria

  5. ENDOSYMBIOTIC THEORY

  6. Surface Area to Volume Ratio • The most efficient cells are the smallest • Small cells have a GREATER surface area to volume ratio What is the Surface Area to Volume Ratio?

  7. Plant Animal

  8. Cellular Machinery

  9. Nucleus & Nucleolus Nucleus Nucleus 1 µm Nucleolus Chromatin Nuclear envelope: Inner membrane Outer membrane Nuclear pore Pore complex Rough ER Surface of nuclear envelope Ribosome 1 µm 0.25 µm Close-up of nuclear envelope Pore complexes (TEM) Nuclear lamina (TEM)

  10. Ribosomes Ribosomes ER Cytosol Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) LE 6-11 Free ribosomes Bound ribosomes Large subunit Small subunit 0.5 µm TEM showing ER and ribosomes Diagram of a ribosome

  11. Smooth ER Nuclear envelope Rough ER LE 6-12 ER lumen Cisternae Ribosomes Transitional ER Transport vesicle 200 nm Rough ER Smooth ER Endoplasmic Reticulum

  12. Golgi Apparatus Golgi apparatus cis face (“receiving” side of Golgi apparatus) LE 6-13 Vesicles coalesce to form new cis Golgi cisternae Vesicles move from ER to Golgi 0.1 µm Vesicles also transport certain proteins back to ER Cisternae Cisternal maturation: Golgi cisternae move in a cis- to-trans direction Vesicles form and leave Golgi, carrying specific proteins to other locations or to the plasma mem- brane for secretion Vesicles transport specific proteins backward to newer Golgi cisternae trans face (“shipping” side of Golgi apparatus) TEM of Golgi apparatus

  13. Vacuoles 1 µm Nucleus Lysosome Lysosome contains active hydrolytic enzymes Hydrolytic enzymes digest food particles Food vacuole fuses with lysosome Digestive enzymes Plasma membrane Lysosome Digestion Food vacuole Phagocytosis: lysosome digesting food

  14. Central Vacuoles (Plants Only) Central vacuole LE 6-15 Cytosol Tonoplast Central vacuole Nucleus Cell wall Chloroplast 5 µm

  15. Nucleus Rough ER LE 6-16-1 Smooth ER Nuclear envelope

  16. Nucleus Rough ER LE 6-16-2 Smooth ER Nuclear envelope cis Golgi Transport vesicle trans Golgi

  17. Nucleus Rough ER LE 6-16-3 Smooth ER Nuclear envelope cis Golgi Transport vesicle Plasma membrane trans Golgi

  18. Peroxisomes Chloroplast Peroxisome Mitochondrion LE 6-19 1 µm

  19. Mitochondria Mitochondrion Intermembrane space Outer membrane LE 6-17 Free ribosomes in the mitochondrial matrix Inner membrane Cristae Matrix Mitochondrial DNA 100 nm

  20. Chloroplasts LE 6-18 Chloroplast Ribosomes Stroma Chloroplast DNA Inner and outer membranes Granum 1 µm Thylakoid

  21. Cytoskeleton • The cytoskeleton is a network of fibers extending throughout the cytoplasm • It organizes the cell’s structures and activities, anchoring many organelles • It is composed of three types of molecular structures: • Microtubules • Microfilaments • Intermediate filaments

  22. Vesicle ATP LE 6-21a Receptor for motor protein Motor protein (ATP powered) Microtubule of cytoskeleton

  23. Vesicles Microtubule 0.25 µm LE 6-21b

  24. Central vacuole of cell Plasma membrane Secondary cell wall Cell Wall Primary cell wall Central vacuole of cell LE 6-28 Middle lamella 1 µm Central vacuole Cytosol Plasma membrane Plant cell walls Plasmodesmata

  25. Flagella Direction of swimming LE 6-23a Motion of flagella 5 µm

  26. Cilia Direction of organism’s movement LE 6-23b Direction of active stroke Direction of recovery stroke Motion of cilia 15 µm

  27. Cross-linking proteins inside outer doublets ATP LE 6-25b Anchorage in cell Effect of cross-linking proteins Wavelike motion

  28. Extracellular Matrix Proteoglycan complex EXTRACELLULAR FLUID Collagen fiber LE 6-29a Fibronectin Plasma membrane CYTOPLASM Micro- filaments Integrin

  29. Intracellular Junctions Tight junction Tight junctions prevent fluid from moving across a layer of cells 0.5 µm Tight junction Intermediate filaments Desmosome 1 µm Gap junctions Space between cells Plasma membranes of adjacent cells Gap junction Extracellular matrix 0.1 µm

  30. Plasma Membrane Outside of cell Carbohydrate side chain LE 6-8 Hydrophilic region Inside of cell 0.1 µm Hydrophobic region Hydrophilic region Phospholipid Proteins Structure of the plasma membrane TEM of a plasma membrane

  31. Centrioles Centrosome Microtubule Centrioles 0.25 µm Microtubules Longitudinal section of one centriole Cross section of the other centriole

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