Structure of the Global Carbon Dioxide Balance and the Role of CO 2 - Utilization in it - An Engineering Approach Helka

1. Structure of the Global Carbon Dioxide Balance and the Role of CO2- Utilization in it - An Engineering Approach Helka TURUNEN NESTE OIL UNIVERSITY OF OULU

2. ONE OF THE GREATEST GLOBAL PROBLEM ISEARTH'S SURFACE TEMPERATURE INCREASE (GLOBAL WARMING)

3. GUIDELINES FOR PROBLEM SOLVING AND DESIGN • USE COMMON SENSE(Shaw, 2001) • KEEP IT SIMPLE(Ginkel and Olander, 1991) • FOR COMMUNICATION, USE FLOW DIAGRAMS(Turton, et al., 1998) => INPUT-OUTPUT BLOCK FLOW DIAGRAM

4. INPUT FLOWS (CO2 EMISSION) INTERMEDIATE CO2 STORAGE OUTPUT FLOWS (TO CO2 SINKS) CO2 in ATMOSPHERE causing the greenhouse effect ANTHROPOGHENIC PROCESSES - CO2-utilisation - CO2 storing NATURAL PROCESSES BIOSPHERE & LAND SURFACE - photosynthesis HYDRO- & CRYOSPERE ANTHROPOGHENIC PROCESSES - energy production - transportation - etc. NATURAL PROCESSES BIOSPHERE & LAND SURFACE - respiration - bio-mass decomp.

5. MAKE A MASS BALANCE ! • THAT IS AN EXACT ACCOUNT OF ALL MATERIALS THAT ENTER, LEAVE, ACCUMULATE OR DISSIPATE DURING A GIVEN TIME INTERVAL OF OPERATION(Hougen et al. 1954)

6. GUIDELINES ... • GALILEO’S HERITAGE: USE APPROXIMATE SOLUTION AND RELATIVE NUMBERS RATHER THAN ABSOLUTE NUMERICAL VALUES (Shaw, 2001)

7. INPUT FLOWS ANTROP. PROS GtC/a - Energy prod., 6.5 transport, etc - Land use & forest 2.0 NATURAL PROS. - respiration, 60 bio-mass decomp. - Interaction flows 90 between atmosph. & hydrosphere 158.5 OUTPUT FLOWS GtC/a ANTROP.PROS -0.03 - CO2 utilisation & storage NATURAL PROS. -63 - photosynthesis -92 - Interaction flows between atmosph. & hydrosphere -155.03

8. Difference between output and input: (158.5-155.03) = 3.5 GtC/a => ACCUMULATION RATE EARTH’S ESTIMATED CARRYING CAPACITY (WBCSD, 1996) => AT THE MOMENT EARTH'S CARRYING CAPACITY IS EXCEEDED BY 3.5 GtC

9. COMTARISON COMPARISON OF THE INPUT AND OUTPUT FLOWS

10. HOW MUCH OVERLOAD REPRESENTS FROM FLOWS ? • Anthropogenic input flows 39,6 % • Anthropogenic output flows 11 233 % • Natural input flows 2,2 % • Natural output flows 2,1 %

11. STABILISATION ALTERNATIVES • 1. DIRECT ALTERNATIVE (affect to the anthropogenic flows) • Limitation of anthropogenic emissions • Increasing of anthrop. utilisation and storing • 2. INDIRECT ALTERNATIVE • (affect passes trough the natural processes) • Affect to the natural processes on the way which changes the natural process ability to utilise CO2 or keep it in natural sinks (Earth System Engineering )

12. DECREASE OF ANTHROPOGHENIC INPUTS (DIRECT ALTERNATIVE) • LANGUAGE OF ENGINEERSIS EQUATIONS. THESE ARE USED TO UNDERSTAND TRENDS (Turton, et al., 1998) • KAYA IDENTITY:C = (C/Ener.)(Ener./GBD)(GBD/Popul.)Popul => The work towards low emission future needs highly integrated co-work inside socio- economic-technology-natural system

13. NATURAL FLOWS, BIOSPHERE AND LAND SURFACE(INDIRECT ALTERNATIVE)3.5/(63+92) ~ 2% => EVEN SMALL INCREASE OF OUTPUT FLOWS OR DECREASE OF INPUT FLOWS COULD HAVE SIGNIFICANT IMPACT ON THE ACCUMULATION RATE => Is it possible to increase the bio processes efficiency or are there anything which restrict natural processes efficiency or performance?

14. NATURAL FLOWS, BIOSPHERE AND LAND SURFACE GUIDELINES ... • THE ROOT CAUSE OF AN OBSERVED PROCESS UPSET MAY BE LOCATEDIN A DIFFERENT PART OF THE PROCESS (Turton, et al., 1998)

15. ANTHROPOGHENIC PROCESSES - energy production - transportation - etc. ANTHROPOGHENIC PROCESSES - CO2-utilisation - CO2 storing NATURAL PROCESSES BIOSPHERE & LAND SURFACE - respiration - bio-mass decomp. NATURAL PROCESSES BIOSPHERE & LAND SURFACE - photosynthesis HYDRO- & CRYOSPERE INPUT FLOWS (CO2 EMISSION) INTERMEDIATE CO2 STORAGE OUTPUT FLOWS (TO CO2 SINKS) CO2 in ATMOSPHERE causing the greenhouse effect

16. NATURAL FLOWS, BIOSPHERE AND LAND SURFACE POSSIBLE CAUSES FOR INEFFICIENCY • Due sulphur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (Nox) a significant yield losses of biomass can occur in the absence of visible symptoms. (Kuylenstierna et al., 2002) => provide clean environment in order to ensure the highest possible operation capacity to natural processes in biosphere (as well as sufficient land surface area for plants)

17. ANTHROPOGHENIC PROCESSES - energy production - transportation - etc. ANTHROPOGHENIC PROCESSES - CO2-utilisation - CO2 storing NATURAL PROCESSES BIOSPHERE & LAND SURFACE - respiration - bio-mass decomp. NATURAL PROCESSES BIOSPHERE & LAND SURFACE - photosynthesis HYDRO- & CRYOSPERE INPUT FLOWS (CO2 EMISSION) INTERMEDIATE CO2 STORAGE OUTPUT FLOWS (TO CO2 SINKS) CO2 in ATMOSPHERE causing the greenhouse effect

18. NATURAL FLOWS, HYDROSPHERE • Oceanic sink accounts about 48% of the total fossil-fuel and cement-manufacturing emissions during the time scale from 1800 to 1994 (Sabine et al., 2004) • Even very small decrease in pH due the acid addition in closed ionic aquatic system, may change thermodynamic equilibrium to the direction where system's ability to maintain CO2 in a dissolved form in aquatic solution decreases.

19. NATURAL FLOWS, HYDROSPHERE => Ensure thermodynamically favourable conditions in hydrosphere, so that natural dissolution of CO2 into the hydrosphere is preferred (no acidic emissions).

20. => HUMAN ACTIONS AFFECT INDIRECTLY TO THE EARTH’S ESTIMATED CARRYING CAPACITY

21. INCREASE OF ANTHROPOGHENICOUTPUTS CO2-UTILIZATION (DIRECT ALTERNATIVE) POSITIVE FRAMES • If CO2 is utilised inside the human system, the status of the CO2 turns from the waste to raw material. => a possibility to close the anthropogenic CO2-flow (Industrial ecology) • the shift to a low-carbon economy will bring huge markets for low-carbon technologies, which will be worth at least $500bn, by 2050 if the world acts on the scale required (Stern, 2006).

22. WHY? INCREASE OF ANT. INTPUTSFACT • Many potential CO2-utilization innovations and applications are stayed on the level of niches.

23. INCREASE OF ANTHROPOGHENIC INTPUTSPOSSIBLE REASONS (Technical) • Modern scale-up of chemical processes rely on reaction modelling • Missing of general and reliable thermodynamic model for the fluid phase prediction of high pressure CO2-mixtures, (take into accountthe quadrupole feature of CO2, is valid also in the near-critical region)

24. INCREASE OF ANTHROPOGHENIC INTPUTSPOSSIBLE REASONS (Economic) • Capital investment in a modern chemical plant is usually high (Shaw, 2001) • In order to combine economic growth and the improvement of environmental quality, incremental improvements are not expected to be sufficient(Vollenbroek, 2002) • New radical innovations often undergo greater scrutiny than the established ones (highly risky) (Hall eds., 2002)

25. INCREASE OF ANT. INTPUTSPOSSIBLE REASONS (Mental) • In modern culture, pessimism is the greatest single problem of the current social system and the deepest cause of unsustainability (Meadows, D.H., 1992) • Thermodynamic considerations • The real nature of the CO2-utilization in the context of greenhouse-mitigation process should be understood properly. (energy need in CO2 process vs replase of artifically manufactured chemicals )

26. HOWEVER... • When brainstorming a troubleshooting problem, consider all ideas, no matter how unusual they may seem (Turton et al., 1998) KEEP ON RECEARCHING APPLICATIONS IN CO2- UTILIZATION !

27. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS - Prof. Riitta Keiski - Dr. Tuomo Suntola - Emeritus Prof. Simo Liukkonen - Prof. Satu Huttunen - Dr. Justin Salminen - Lic. Sc. Petri Kobylin - Dr. Anne Ojala - Lic.Sc. Ylva Selin - Dr. Eva Pongrácz - Fortum Foundation - Nat. Technology Agency of Finland - Neste Jacobs