A2 Revision - 1

1. A2 Revision - 1 Based on previous questions, and potential answers to those questions

2. Revision topics – chosen by your teachers Application of Forces Commercialisation Olympic Ideals Krebs cycle Aggression Support from organisations for elite athletes Projectile motion PNF stretching

3. Application of forces - Typical question Jan 08 Qu 3 Maximising effort during performance is largely concerned with the correct application of forces. What forces act on a player when they are running during a game? (3 marks) June 2010 Using ‘Newton’s First and Second Laws of Motion, explain how a swimmer dives off the starting blocks. (4 marks)

4. Forces Forces cause ; A force is a movement push or a pull “A force is that which alters or to alter a body’s or of in a line.” If a body changes or , a has been applied tends state of rest uniform motion straight velocity direction force

5. Forces affecting motion • Muscular/action forces • Reaction forces • Gravity • Air resistance • Friction

6. Air resistance Gravity Friction Equal and opposite Ground Reaction Force Action force of muscular contraction Forces acting on a sprinter

7. Newton’s Laws • 1st Law: • A body will remain in its / • until affected by a • A body has a to change its state of motion force rest reluctance state of motion

8. Applying Newton’s 1st Law • Sprinter remains in on • blocks until a causes him to • change his • Ball keeps moving until a • causes it to change its set position force state of motion force state of motion

9. 2nd Law - Momentum • All objects in motion have mass and • Product = • Momentum = velocity (m x v) momentum quantity of motion

10. Newton’s 2nd Law • The rate of change of is • to the force causing • the change, and the change takes place in the in which the force was • applied • In sport, remains constant and • therefore momentum equates to momentum directly proportional direction mass acceleration

11. Applying Newton’s 2nd Law • The (size) and of • force applied by the sprinter to the blocks • determines the and • of received – because mass remains constant • Acceleration is to • applied magnitude direction magnitude acceleration direction proportional force

12. Newton’s 3rd Law • To every force there is an and • reaction force equal opposite

13. Applying Newton’s 3rd Law • The sprinter applies a to the ground. • This results in a force that causes movement • The sprinter cannot move the • Reaction force from ground = muscular force reaction earth/blocks Ground Reaction Force

14. Commercialisation - Typical question Many elite sports are now commercialised and seen as a form of entertainment. Discuss the suggestion that an increase in the ‘commercialisation’ of sport has been beneficial for performers and the sport. (7 marks)

15. Commercialisation Spectators media sponsorship merchandising professionals 30 years Idea of sporting events being used to make money Sport gains income from: / / / Income used to pay players – Commercialism increases in last

16. Commercialisation • Sport seen as a • Where the becomes the driving force in sport • The sale of - the major source of sports funding • Broadcasting rights for Premier League now worth commodity market TV rights £1.1 billion a year

17. Media and sport • Sport – – to report/show • More readers/viewers – more , more , more • Need to make information provided interesting – cheap sales income advertising inform or sensationalise

18. Role of sport to media • to suit demands of media • Share of entertainment market – • Increased interest – • from TV rights • and income Adapted peak time viewing more participants Income Marketing advertising

19. Television and advertising • TV cameras – • Pre-game /during game advertising • Advertising • Sponsors name /logo • Sponsor: logos on pitch hoardings in media competition venue stand

20. Sport Has Changed For TV • One day and 20:20 • Penalty • Timings – starts/kick-off to suit TV • Use of in tennis/cricket • 3rd umpire in /TMO in • Camera cricket shoot outs more viewers hawkeye cricket rugby angles/position/playercam

21. TV changes sport • TV has what we can watch and when and how we watch • Also brings sports we might never normally watch - , • Become converted to • Reduces improved sumo wrestling armchair spectators participation?

22. Changing the characteristics of sport • Changing the format of play – • Changing the competition structure – • Changing the rules to simplify them – • Changing the rules to make game ‘flow’ – tennis tie breaks Champions League/ RU premiership American scoring – badminton/volleyball one-day/20:20 cricket

23. Professional performer - a commercial object? • Signs contract – • Can be • Brings in money through • Exploit image for company goals – • Financial rewards like a business ‘hired and fired’ advertising endorsements marketability based on results

24. Olympic ideals • Individuals performing • Not • Striving to win - • Taking part more important than • – for the love of sport teams/Nations fairly winning • Amateur

25. Olympism • Competing with spirit of Symbols: • Olympic • Olympic • Virtually gone due to needed to compete • IOC accept professional performers – sportsmanship rings oath financial support ‘amateur spirit’

26. Kreb’s cycle - Typical question At the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games, David Davies won the silver medal in the swimming 10 kilometre marathon event, in a time of 1 hour 51 minutes and 53.1 seconds. Explain how the majority of energy used during the race would be provided. (7 marks)

27. Kreb’s cycle • Carbohydrates - - broken down in series of reactions to • Called • Some energy released for • Fats (fatty acids) prepared through ready for in glycogen/glucose pyruvate glycolysis ATP resynthesis β -oxidation Kreb’s cycle mitochondria

28. Kreb’s cycle Acetyl Co- A • Pyruvate converted into • Enters • Hydrogen removed leaving • Some • Hydrogen to • Oxidised to • Releases large amounts of energy for Kreb’s cycle carbon dioxide ATP resynthesised Electron Transport Chain water ATP resynthesis

29. Aggression - Typical question Trait theories may be used to explain several psychological constructs. (a)Sport may increase or decrease the likelihood of aggressive behaviour occurring among competitors. How may trait theory be used to explain aggression in sport? (2 marks) (b)Use the frustration-aggression hypothesis to explain why this may happen. (2 marks) (c)Explain why incidents of aggression occur only occasionally in team games. (2 marks)

30. Aggression “Any form of behaviour directed toward the goal of harming or injuring another living being who is motivated to avoid such treatment” Aggression is: a behaviour/action; intentional; to cause harm; outside the rules;

31. Forms of Aggression • Instrumental –aggression used to increase chances of • Hostile - aggression with injury as • Constructive use of force in sport = • Channelled aggression – diverting aggressive feelings into winning main aim assertion useful actions

32. Instinct theory • Aggression • Builds up – needs to be • Displaced into sport rather than • Release = • Theory suggests most aggression is , but some is • as a means of control inherited released violence catharsis hostile instrumental Social learning

33. Frustration-aggression hypothesis aggression • Frustration leads to • Aggression comes from • In sport, prevents attainment of - leads to frustration, especially if • Aggression released – – but not always • But, not all leads to frustration opposition goals unexpected cathartic frustration aggression

34. Aggressive-cue theory • Not all frustration leads to aggression • Only occurs if certain present Such as: • Coach aggression • of behaviours • Certain or • Previous • Depends on learned cues encouraging Reinforcement sports objects experiences situation

35. Social learning theory • to be aggressive • of others • leads to • prevents Learn significant Observation repeating actions Reinforcement Punishment copying

36. Strategies to reduce aggression Strategies both for player and coach • Punish aggressive play • Reinforce assertive play • Reduce arousal • Avoid aggressive situation

37. Elite Athlete Support - Typical question To maximise the chances of winning medals at major championships, such as the Olympic Games, performers need the support of many organisations. Outline and explain the structure of the World Class Performance Pathway. (3 marks) Explain the support structures for elite performers provided by the National institutes of excellence, such as the English Institute of Sport. (4 marks)

38. Role of National Governing Bodies club and competition • Develop structure • Manage development strategies – , , etc • Develop structure • Manage • Enforce • of sport WCP TASS coaching representative teams rules and regulations Promotion

39. Whole Sports Plans • WSP – plan for all – grass roots to elite • WSP directs Sport England funding • Identifies • Links with partners – • ‘Measures’ NGB’s needs PESSYP how well NGBs doing

40. UK Sport Aims: • Development of • Attracting and running major sporting events in UK prevention and testing • Funded by and elite athletes Doping central government no longer! Lottery

41. UK Sport • Full responsibility for all and performance-related support • Runs programme, • All funding and support integrated Olympic Paralympic World Class Performance Talented Athlete Scholarship Scheme English Institutes of Sport

42. World Class Performance Pathway Three levels: • World Class Podium – • World Class Development – potential • World Class Talent – identify and develop potential 2012 medal hopes 2016 winners 2020 performers

43. Funding Of Elite Performers • Lottery grants via • – group and personal Many/majority do not receive or money NGB Sponsorship Appearance money Prize money appearance prize

44. English Institute of Sport – ‘making the best better’ • One of • Support – , medicine, physiology, diet and nutrition advice, mechanics, fitness testing and conditioning, information • Athlete Career Education 4 National Institutes • 9 regional sites sports science

45. Projectile motion – Typical question The flight of a golf ball is said to be parabolic. Explain the term parabolicand the main factors that limit the distance that a golf ball will travel in flight. (4 marks)

46. Projectile motion • Flightpath = parabola

47. Components • Motion of projectile has components • component • component two Vertical Horizontal

48. Projectile motion Vertical component Horizontal component Vertical motion affected by gravity – Horizontal motion is affected by friction – decreases negligible

49. Variations in vertical and horizontal components This causes the observed parabolic flight and affects the motion components as follows:

50. Projectile motion Factors affecting distance travelled: Speed of release Height of release Angle of release