Angel Electronic Course

1. Angel Electronic Course • http://angel.ferrum.edu • NST # • Password • Locate courses in which you are enrolled

2. Chapter 1 • Concepts • Connections • Body Organization

3. Overview of Anatomy and Physiology • Anatomy – the study of the structure of body parts and their relationships to one another • Gross or macroscopic • Microscopic • Developmental • Physiology – the study of the function of the body’s structural machinery

4. Gross Anatomy • Regional – all structures in one part of the body (such as the abdomen or leg) • Systemic – gross anatomy of the body studied by system • Surface – study of internal structures as they relate to the overlying skin

5. Microscopic Anatomy • Cytology – study of the cell • Histology – study of tissues

6. Developmental Anatomy • Traces structural changes throughout life • Embryology – study of developmental changes of the body before birth

7. Specialized Branches of Anatomy • Pathological anatomy – study of structural changes caused by disease • Radiographic anatomy – study of internal structures visualized by specialized scanning procedures such as X-ray, MRI, and CT scans • Molecular biology – study of anatomical structures at a subcellular level

8. Physiology • Considers the operation of specific organ systems • Renal – kidney function • Neurophysiology – workings of the nervous system • Cardiovascular – operation of the heart and blood vessels • Focuses on the functions of the body, often at the cellular or molecular level

9. Physiology • Understanding physiology also requires a knowledge of physics, which explains • electrical currents • blood pressure • the way muscle uses bone for movement

10. Principle of Complementarity • Function always reflects structure • What a structure can do depends on its specific form

11. Levels of Structural Organization • Chemical – atoms combined to form molecules • Cellular – cells are made of molecules • Tissue – consists of similar types of cells • Organ – made up of different types of tissues • Organ system – consists of different organs that work closely together • Organismal – made up of the organ systems

12. Smooth muscle cell Molecules Cellular level Cells are made up of molecules. 2 Atoms 1 Chemical level Atoms combine to form molecules. Smooth muscle tissue 3 Tissue level Tissues consist of similar types of cells. Heart Cardiovascular system Blood vessels Epithelial tissue Smooth muscle tissue Blood vessel (organ) 6 Organismal level The human organism is made up of many organ systems. Connective tissue 4 Organ level Organs are made up of different types of tissues. 5 Organ system level Organ systems consist of different organs that work together closely. Levels of Structural Organization Figure 1.1

13. Molecules Atoms 1 Chemical level Atoms combine to form molecules. Levels of Structural Organization Figure 1.1

14. Smooth muscle cell Molecules Cellular level Cells are made up of molecules. 2 Atoms 1 Chemical level Atoms combine to form molecules. Levels of Structural Organization Figure 1.1

15. Smooth muscle cell Molecules Cellular level Cells are made up of molecules. 2 Atoms 1 Chemical level Atoms combine to form molecules. Smooth muscle tissue 3 Tissue level Tissues consist of similar types of cells. Levels of Structural Organization Figure 1.1

16. Smooth muscle cell Molecules Cellular level Cells are made up of molecules. 2 Atoms 1 Chemical level Atoms combine to form molecules. Smooth muscle tissue 3 Tissue level Tissues consist of similar types of cells. Epithelial tissue Smooth muscle tissue Blood vessel (organ) Connective tissue 4 Organ level Organs are made up of different types of tissues. Levels of Structural Organization Figure 1.1

17. Smooth muscle cell Molecules Cellular level Cells are made up of molecules. 2 Atoms 1 Chemical level Atoms combine to form molecules. Smooth muscle tissue 3 Tissue level Tissues consist of similar types of cells. Heart Cardiovascular system Blood vessels Epithelial tissue Smooth muscle tissue Blood vessel (organ) Connective tissue 4 Organ level Organs are made up of different types of tissues. 5 Organ system level Organ systems consist of different organs that work together closely. Levels of Structural Organization Figure 1.1

18. Smooth muscle cell Molecules Cellular level Cells are made up of molecules. 2 Atoms 1 Chemical level Atoms combine to form molecules. Smooth muscle tissue 3 Tissue level Tissues consist of similar types of cells. Heart Cardiovascular system Blood vessels Epithelial tissue Smooth muscle tissue Blood vessel (organ) 6 Organismal level The human organism is made up of many organ systems. Connective tissue 4 Organ level Organs are made up of different types of tissues. 5 Organ system level Organ systems consist of different organs that work together closely. Levels of Structural Organization Figure 1.1

19. Interrelationships among body organ systems – interdependency of the systems provide for maintaining necessary life functions

20. Necessary Life Functions • Maintaining boundaries – to create homeostasis between internal and external environments • Movement – of the organism or parts within it by utilizing the skeletal system for leverage • Responsiveness – ability to sense changes • Digestion – chemical and physical breakdown of food to simple absorbable/usable forms • Metabolism – breakdown of nutrients (catabolism) to create energy and provide essential nutrients for growth, development, and repair (anabolism) • Excretion – removal of indigestible or non-metabolizable wastes or harmful metabolites • Reproduction – cellular to organismal • Growth – increase in size (also development)

25. Survival Needs • Nutrients – needed for energy and cell building • Oxygen – necessary for metabolic reactions • Water – provides the necessary environment for chemical reactions • Normal body temperature – necessary for chemical reactions to occur at life-sustaining rates • Atmospheric pressure – required for proper breathing and gas exchange in the lungs

26. Homeostasis • Homeostasis – ability to maintain a relatively stable internal environment in an ever-changing outside world • The internal environment of the body is in a dynamic state of equilibrium • Chemical, thermal, and neural factors interact to maintain homeostasis

27. Homeostatic Control Mechanisms • Variables produce a change in the body • The three interdependent components of control mechanisms: • Receptor – monitors the environments and responds to changes (stimuli) • Control center – determines the set point at which the variable is maintained • Effector – provides the means to respond to stimuli

28. 3 Input: Information sent along afferent pathway to Control center 4 Output: Information sent along efferent pathway to Receptor (sensor) Effector 2 Change detected by receptor 5 Response of effector feeds back to influence magnitude of stimulus and returns variable to homeostasis Stimulus: Produces change in variable 1 Imbalance Variable (in homeostasis) Imbalance Homeostatic Control Mechanisms Figure 1.4

29. Variable (in homeostasis) Homeostatic Control Mechanisms Figure 1.4

30. Stimulus: Produces change in variable 1 Imbalance Variable (in homeostasis) Imbalance Homeostatic Control Mechanisms Figure 1.4

31. Receptor (sensor) 2 Change detected by receptor Stimulus: Produces change in variable 1 Imbalance Variable (in homeostasis) Imbalance Homeostatic Control Mechanisms Figure 1.4

32. 3 Input: Information sent along afferent pathway to Control center Receptor (sensor) 2 Change detected by receptor Stimulus: Produces change in variable 1 Imbalance Variable (in homeostasis) Imbalance Homeostatic Control Mechanisms Figure 1.4

33. 3 Input: Information sent along afferent pathway to Control center 4 Output: Information sent along efferent pathway to Receptor (sensor) Effector 2 Change detected by receptor Stimulus: Produces change in variable 1 Imbalance Variable (in homeostasis) Imbalance Homeostatic Control Mechanisms Figure 1.4

34. 3 Input: Information sent along afferent pathway to Control center 4 Output: Information sent along efferent pathway to Receptor (sensor) Effector 2 Change detected by receptor 5 Response of effector feeds back to influence magnitude of stimulus and returns variable to homeostasis Stimulus: Produces change in variable 1 Variable (in homeostasis) Homeostatic Control Mechanisms Figure 1.4

35. Negative Feedback • In negative feedback systems, the output shuts off the original stimulus • Example: Regulation of room temperature

36. Signalwire turns heater off Control center (thermostat) Set point Receptor-sensor (thermometer in Thermostat) Heater off Effector (heater) Response; temperature drops Stimulus: rising room temperature Imbalance Balance Response; temperature rises Stimulus: dropping room temperature Imbalance Heater on Set point Effector (heater) Receptor-sensor (thermometer in Thermostat) Signal wire turns heater on Control center (thermostat) Figure 1.5

37. Balance Figure 1.5

38. Stimulus: rising room temperature Imbalance Balance Imbalance Figure 1.5

39. Set point Receptor-sensor (thermometer In thermostat) Stimulus: rising room temperature Imbalance Balance Imbalance Figure 1.5

40. Control center (thermostat) Set point Receptor-sensor (thermometer In thermostat) Stimulus: rising room temperature Imbalance Balance Imbalance Figure 1.5

41. Signal wire turns heater off Control center (thermostat) Set point Stimulus: dropping room temperature Receptor-sensor (thermometer In thermostat) Heater off Effector (heater) Stimulus: rising room temperature Imbalance Balance Imbalance Figure 1.5

42. Signal wire turns heater off Control center (thermostat) Set point Stimulus: dropping room temperature Receptor-sensor (thermometer In thermostat) Heater off Effector (heater) Stimulus: rising room temperature Response; temperature drops Balance Figure 1.5

43. Imbalance Balance Stimulus: dropping room temperature Imbalance Figure 1.5

44. Imbalance Balance Stimulus: dropping room temperature Imbalance Set point Receptor-sensor (thermometer in Thermostat) Figure 1.5

45. Imbalance Balance Stimulus: dropping room temperature Imbalance Set point Receptor-sensor (thermometer in Thermostat) Control center (thermostat) Figure 1.5

46. Imbalance Balance Stimulus: dropping room temperature Imbalance Heater on Set point Effector (heater) Receptor-sensor (thermometer in Thermostat) Signal wire turns heater on Control center (thermostat) Figure 1.5

47. Balance Response; temperature rises Stimulus: dropping room temperature Heater on Set point Effector (heater) Receptor-sensor (thermometer in Thermostat) Signal wire turns heater on Control center (thermostat) Figure 1.5

48. Signalwire turns heater off Control center (thermostat) Set point Receptor-sensor (thermometer in Thermostat) Heater off Effector (heater) Response; temperature drops Stimulus: rising room temperature Imbalance Balance Response; temperature rises Stimulus: dropping room temperature Imbalance Heater on Set point Effector (heater) Receptor-sensor (thermometer in Thermostat) Signal wire turns heater on Control center (thermostat) Figure 1.5

50. Positive Feedback • In positive feedback systems, the output enhances or exaggerates the original stimulus • Example: Regulation of blood clotting Figure 1.6