730 likes | 2.5k Views
Outline. Awareness videoSatellite Navigation OverviewGPS as a Military EnablerGPS Vulnerabilities, Real World EnvironmentNAVWAR DefinitionProtection Techniques/GPS ModernizationInternational NAVWAR ActivitiesDND/CF NAVWAR ActivitiesSummary. SatNav Systems. Global Positioning SystemGlonass (
E N D
1. NAVWAR (Navigation Warfare): Electronic Warfare and the Global Positioning System
2. Outline Awareness video
Satellite Navigation Overview
GPS as a Military Enabler
GPS Vulnerabilities, Real World Environment
NAVWAR Definition
Protection Techniques/GPS Modernization
International NAVWAR Activities
DND/CF NAVWAR Activities
Summary
3. SatNav Systems Global Positioning System
Glonass (Russia)
Galileo (Europe)
Beidou/Compass (China)
4. GLONASS Russian Satellite Navigation system
18 MEO Satellites in 3 planes
Currently 13 transmitting satellites, 17 on orbit
Recent launches (3 satellites at a time)
Plan is for 18 satellites in 2008 and 24 by 2011
Signals are differentiated by frequency
FDMA rather than CDMA, 511kHz separation
C/A and P-codes - C/A same for all satellites
Two RF carriers: L1 1,602 MHz, L2 1,246 MHz
5. Galileo 24 MEO satellites in three planes
Operational by 2008(10?) - GIOVE A test bed launched Dec 2005
Multiple RF carriers - L1 @ 1575.42MHz (same as GPS L1)
10 different signals and 4 different services
6. GPS Satellite Constellation
7. How GPS Works
8. Present GPS Signals Two RF carriers
L1 @ 1575.42 MHz
L2 @ 1227.60 MHz
Two CDMA signals
C/A code (Coarse/Acquisition) on L1
Short (1023 chips)
2 MHz Bandwidth
Easy to track and acquire, can be spoofed
P(Y) code (Precision) on L1 and L2
Non-repeating sequence @ 10.23MHz, 20 MHz Bandwidth
hard to acquire directly without C/A code handover
Encrypted military signal, accessed via timing on C/A
Y-code = encrypted P-code. Nearly impossible to spoof
Selective Availability permanently set to zero in May 2000 highly accurate C/A signal freely available 9/11 terrorists!
9. GPS Signals The GPS receives the SVs signals embedded in the noise floor
10. GPS as Military Enabler
11. Unintentional disruption from such causes as:
signal blockage from buildings, terrain
interference from
communications equipment
TV broadcasts
Mobile Satellite Services
Ultra Wide-Band systems
military jamming/spoofing tests
Deliberate Jamming
12. Jammer plans from Internet Example plans available from internet: A 2 MHz Narrowband jammer (more effective than simple CW)
Could be built by any competent electronics tinkerer
13. The Jamming Problem
14. Hostile Jamming Deployment Tactics
15. Real World Environment Hostile Jamming:
Jammers were used by Iraq in OIF
Jammers are proliferating
Criminal use
Terrorists
Denial Jamming:
Availability of accurate civil GPS signal underscores the need to deny GPS to hostile elements
17. Initiating NAVWAR Activity: The NAVWAR MOU Australia, Canada, UK, US
Project Arrangements:
Electronic Protection
Electronic Attack
Electronic Support
Test, Trials & Demonstrations
Leverages R&D efforts of all nations
Provides for cooperative development of NAVWAR technologies
18. Electronic Protection:Military Anti-jam Technologies There are many ways to improve GPS resistance to interference/jamming. Most are for military users, subject to export control and covered by ITAR (International Traffic in Arms Regulations):
Receiver level
Jammer-nulling/beam-forming antennas
Receiver precision clocks
Frequency excisers
Direct Y-Code signal acquisition
Tight INS coupling
All digital receivers
Signal in Space Level
Increased signal power, spot Beams
New signal structures (M-Code)
Augmentation
Network aiding, pseudolites
19. AJ Technologies Antenna Techniques Spatial Filtering (Null pointing / Beam Steering)
20. AJ Technologies Integration with Inertial Measurement Units
21. Modernized GPS - Signal Evolution
22. AJ improvement The goal of all these Anti Jam Technologies is to increase the J/S, or Jammer to Signal power ratio required to defeat a receiver.
This forces the jammer to radiate much more power to have the same effect, or equivalently, allows the receiver to be able to operate much closer to the jammer before it is affected.
Equally important, allows own force EA
24. National Vulnerability Trials Petawawa Jun 2004 LAV III
Northern Lights (NL) Series
NL1 Petawawa Jan 2005 LAV III, CF-18, Griffon
NL2 Cold Lake Nov 2005 CF-18
NL3 Sea Trial 2007 Iro, Hfx class
NL4 - TBD
NATO Trial Spartan Hammer 2006
Shadow Period work with HMCS Iroquois
Precursor to NL3 Sea Trial
25. Northern Lights 2
26. Vulnerability Assessments NAVWAR Operational Vulnerability Assessment (NOVA)
National Infrastructure Vulnerability Assessment
27. NAVWAR Operational Vulnerability Assessment (NOVA) NOVA Phase 1 Investigative contract completed
NOVA Phase 2 Follow on contract for targeted, in-depth investigation planned in FY 07/08
Explore mitigation with users
Emphasis on use of GPS for timing
29. Approach Partnership with PSEPC:
Proposed at DM level
Positive response received
DND-funded contract award early FY 07/08
OGD involvement:
PSEPC as lead and coordinator
30. NATO Activities NC3B SC/8 Navigation/NAVWAR Ad Hoc WG NAVWAR STANAG
NATO MOU IV allows NATO nations to use military GPS
NATO Trial Spartan Hammer
Greece Nov 06
Canada sent EWCC Officer and monitor teams from CFEWC, jammer teams from DRDC
First NATO activity featuring live GPS jamming
Trial activity supported NAVWAR STANAG development, including Annex developed by Canada
33. NATO Trial Spartan Hammer Canada took part in GPS jamming and traditional EW activities
GPS jammer team worked within coalition
EA systems performed very well
Superb opportunity to:
demonstrate and observe effects of GPS jamming
work with the wider EW community
Follow-on Trial Imperial Hammer
Sardinia Apr 08 (TBC)
Likely CFEWC and DRDC activity EA and ES
34. 14-nation RDT&E MOU Recently negotiated, signed by CFD last week
Deals with GPS user equipment, not just NAVWAR
Opportunity to influence US GPS Wing receiver equipment development
Opportunities for cooperative development of user equipment with one or more of the other signatories
First Project Arrangement military receiver module with USB interface (TBC)
35. NAVWAR Implementation
36. Canada COM Requirement
Robust, adequately protected civil infrastructure for initiation and conduct of domestic operations
NAVWAR - protected systems/platforms/processes for operations
37. CEFCOM Requirement Initiation of Operations
Robust, adequately protected civil infrastructure
Deployed Operations
NAVWAR - protected systems for use in theatre
38. Navy GPS Project GPS System Replacement on:
Iroquois Class
Halifax Class
Replacement incorporates NAVWAR improvements
39. Replacement for PLGR
Total ~ 8000 DAGR Handheld
Individual soldier use
Vehicle use
AJ antenna option
This is the Army GPS project. The old and new shown here are roughly to relative scale, with the older PLGR on the left. This project addresses the need for a more robust capability in a potential jamming environment.
(Cost: approx $82M)
*(It should be acknowledged that the Army project made possible some early Canadian NAVWAR work prior to estab of the NAVWAR office)
This is the Army GPS project. The old and new shown here are roughly to relative scale, with the older PLGR on the left. This project addresses the need for a more robust capability in a potential jamming environment.
(Cost: approx $82M)
*(It should be acknowledged that the Army project made possible some early Canadian NAVWAR work prior to estab of the NAVWAR office)
40. Air Force GPS project Phase 1
Worldwide navigation
Phase 2
NAVWAR capability
Objective: Provide tactical fleets with a higher anti-jam capability.
Upgrade receivers
Most aircraft can be upgraded with a GPS receiver card replacement.
Replace Fixed Radiation Pattern Antennas with Controlled Radiation Pattern Antennas (jammer nulling capability)
Phase 3
Cat I Precision Approach GPS project will give CF fleets worldwide nav capab from en-route to non precision approach in ph 1. Capab to interoperate with allied mil forces & civil reqr in civ-ctlld airspace. For max survivability, tac a/c to get P(Y) code GPS eqpt, upgradable to future Mil GPS enhancements e.g. SAASM & M Code. Most tac a/c GPS to be integrated with INS for max a-j capability. CRPA being investigated to increase the anti-jam capab. Nulling and Beam forming antennas will be considered. Now all aircraft have FRPAs. CRPA specified for MPH.
CF188 fleet: 80 CF 18 get Embedded GPS/INS(EGI) (Litton), a tightly coupled GPS/INS. CF funded mod to EGI sw to enable EGI to provide initialisation data to GPS guided weapon, permits fast P-Code acquisition for weapons that cannot track GPS signal while on the aircraft due to GPS antenna masking. Installation of CPRA being investigated to provide the max a-j capability. RAAF GAS1 integration design to be considered for project Ph 2. CP140Fleet: 18 Aurora aircraft to receive a dual EGI (Honeywell) installation as part of their Nav and Flight Instrument IMP (NFIMP). This will replace the present C/A code installation. Like the CF 18 the EGI, the CP 140 EGI is tightly coupled GPS/INS. Antenna upgrades and possibly GPS upgrades to SAASM (Selective Avail Anti-Spoofing) and/or M Code, if appropriate is being considered for Phase 2 of the project. The CC130s present P-Code GPS, the Miniature Airborne GPS Receive (MAGR) installed as part of another project, is not an open architecture and not upgradeable. The MAGR is integrated with the aircrafts dual INS in a loosely coupled manner. SPS Standard Precision Service The project is considering an upgrade to the PPS antenna and a replacement of the MAGR with the MAGR 2k SAASM (open architecture, upgradeable) as part of Phase 2. The project recently completed the installation of a civil certified SPS GPS to meet civil GPS navigation requirements.
CC150 (A310) Fleet: 5 A310 Airbus are receiving a C/A code GPS in a multi-mode receiver . Fleet to be IFR civil certified. Addl PPS GPS and a-j ant being considered for Phase 2. CC/CT142 Fleet: 6 Dash 8 aircraft have received a civil certified SPS receiver. Installation complete.
CH146 has same MAGR P(Y) code GPS as CC130 and reqr repl or add of civil cert GPS to provide a/c with GPS IFR nav capab. The project is considering the replacement of MAGR with MAGR 2k SAASM, can be accomplished with Phase 1 funding as MAGR 2k SAASM will also provide capab to meet civil standards for GPS IFR navigation in civil controlled airspace. An antenna upgrade and GPS module upgrade are being considered for Phase 2. MAGR 2k open architecture permits modular GPS upgrades. The Sea King will likely get a stand alone C/A code receiver, likely surplus Trimble 2101. Snow Bird fleet gets civil cert SPS GPS as part of a cockpit upgrade.
The Air force is in the process of obtaining funds to procure 300 JDAM kits. These kits attach to existing bombs and provide a blended PPS GPS/INS guidance. JDAM GPS antenna masked by the aircraft wing prior to release. Due to the nature of the GPS key used by Canada and allies (GUV key), takes time to start tracking the P(Y) code and will likely miss the target first. The Complementary Navigation Message (CNM) that will be relayed from the EGI, permits the JDAMs to start tracking the P(Y) code quickly after release. CNM will permit use of non-SAASM JDAM and or the GUV key. EGI sw mod funded by CF.
(before next slide) I mentioned that while these these equipment projects are not part of NAVWAR as such. In fact, future GNSS or NAVWAR related capital capability-type projects will follow the same model the GNSS/NAVWAR office will identify issues and potential risk mitigation measures to recommend to system, equipment or process owners for their follow-up and implementation.GPS project will give CF fleets worldwide nav capab from en-route to non precision approach in ph 1. Capab to interoperate with allied mil forces & civil reqr in civ-ctlld airspace. For max survivability, tac a/c to get P(Y) code GPS eqpt, upgradable to future Mil GPS enhancements e.g. SAASM & M Code. Most tac a/c GPS to be integrated with INS for max a-j capability. CRPA being investigated to increase the anti-jam capab. Nulling and Beam forming antennas will be considered. Now all aircraft have FRPAs. CRPA specified for MPH.
CF188 fleet: 80 CF 18 get Embedded GPS/INS(EGI) (Litton), a tightly coupled GPS/INS. CF funded mod to EGI sw to enable EGI to provide initialisation data to GPS guided weapon, permits fast P-Code acquisition for weapons that cannot track GPS signal while on the aircraft due to GPS antenna masking. Installation of CPRA being investigated to provide the max a-j capability. RAAF GAS1 integration design to be considered for project Ph 2. CP140Fleet: 18 Aurora aircraft to receive a dual EGI (Honeywell) installation as part of their Nav and Flight Instrument IMP (NFIMP). This will replace the present C/A code installation. Like the CF 18 the EGI, the CP 140 EGI is tightly coupled GPS/INS. Antenna upgrades and possibly GPS upgrades to SAASM (Selective Avail Anti-Spoofing) and/or M Code, if appropriate is being considered for Phase 2 of the project. The CC130s present P-Code GPS, the Miniature Airborne GPS Receive (MAGR) installed as part of another project, is not an open architecture and not upgradeable. The MAGR is integrated with the aircrafts dual INS in a loosely coupled manner. SPS Standard Precision Service The project is considering an upgrade to the PPS antenna and a replacement of the MAGR with the MAGR 2k SAASM (open architecture, upgradeable) as part of Phase 2. The project recently completed the installation of a civil certified SPS GPS to meet civil GPS navigation requirements.
CC150 (A310) Fleet: 5 A310 Airbus are receiving a C/A code GPS in a multi-mode receiver . Fleet to be IFR civil certified. Addl PPS GPS and a-j ant being considered for Phase 2. CC/CT142 Fleet: 6 Dash 8 aircraft have received a civil certified SPS receiver. Installation complete.
CH146 has same MAGR P(Y) code GPS as CC130 and reqr repl or add of civil cert GPS to provide a/c with GPS IFR nav capab. The project is considering the replacement of MAGR with MAGR 2k SAASM, can be accomplished with Phase 1 funding as MAGR 2k SAASM will also provide capab to meet civil standards for GPS IFR navigation in civil controlled airspace. An antenna upgrade and GPS module upgrade are being considered for Phase 2. MAGR 2k open architecture permits modular GPS upgrades. The Sea King will likely get a stand alone C/A code receiver, likely surplus Trimble 2101. Snow Bird fleet gets civil cert SPS GPS as part of a cockpit upgrade.
The Air force is in the process of obtaining funds to procure 300 JDAM kits. These kits attach to existing bombs and provide a blended PPS GPS/INS guidance. JDAM GPS antenna masked by the aircraft wing prior to release. Due to the nature of the GPS key used by Canada and allies (GUV key), takes time to start tracking the P(Y) code and will likely miss the target first. The Complementary Navigation Message (CNM) that will be relayed from the EGI, permits the JDAMs to start tracking the P(Y) code quickly after release. CNM will permit use of non-SAASM JDAM and or the GUV key. EGI sw mod funded by CF.
(before next slide) I mentioned that while these these equipment projects are not part of NAVWAR as such. In fact, future GNSS or NAVWAR related capital capability-type projects will follow the same model the GNSS/NAVWAR office will identify issues and potential risk mitigation measures to recommend to system, equipment or process owners for their follow-up and implementation.
41. NAVWAR and GPS Timeline This is a notional timeline. The slide assumes there will be follow-on Army and Navy GPS projects to address further NAVWAR issues, but once again, the NAVWAR will not implement them. This is a notional timeline. The slide assumes there will be follow-on Army and Navy GPS projects to address further NAVWAR issues, but once again, the NAVWAR will not implement them.
43. NAVWAR is a large new EW area
Many systems rely on GPS (some not obviously)
Systems relying on civilian receivers are especially at risk
Various levels of protection are available for military users
Canada has a NAVWAR program including R&D, trials and assessments, plus a 4-eyes MOU, NATO activity/MOU and a 14-nation MOU
Communication and governance via GNSS MCC
Environmental Capital projects progressively implementing NAVWAR to meet Operational Command Requirements
Summary