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Agricultural Revolution preceded Industrial Revolution. E nclosure Movement
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Agricultural Revolution preceded Industrial Revolution • Enclosure Movement • Wealthy landowners bought up the land of village farmers, enclosed their land with fences or hedges. The increase in their landholdings enabled them to cultivate larger fields. Within these larger fields, called enclosures , landowners experimented with more productive seeding and harvesting methods to boost crop yields.
Two important results of this movement • First, landowners tried new agricultural methods. • Second, large landowners forced small farmers to become tenant farmers or to give up farming and move to the cities.
JethroTull (1674 – 21 February 1741) was an English agricultural pioneer who helped bring about the British Agricultural Revolution. He perfected a horse-drawn seed drill in 1701 that economically sowed the seeds in neat rows, and later a horse-drawn hoe. Tull's methods were adopted by many large landowners, and they helped form the basis of modern agriculture.https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DqhdumfLtJw
Charles Newbold- cast-iron plowAmerican blacksmith born in 1780 in Chesterfield, New Jersey. On June 26, 1797, Newbold received the first patent for a cast iron plow. However, he was unable to sell his plow because many farmers feared that the iron in it would poison the soil.
Cyrus Hall McCormick, Sr. (1809–1884) was an American inventor and founder of the McCormick Harvesting Machine Company, which became part of International Harvester Company in 1902.From the Blue Ridge Mountains of Virginia, he and many members of his family became prominent residents of Chicago.Although McCormick is credited as the "inventor" of the mechanical reaper, he based his work on that of many others, including Scottish and American men, more than two decades of work by his father, and the aid of Jo Anderson, a slave held by his family. Cyrus McCormick filed patents for the invention, and his achievements were chiefly in the development of a company, marketing and sales force to market his products.
John Deere was an American blacksmith and manufacturer who founded Deere & Company, one of the largest and leading agricultural and construction equipment manufacturers in the world.Deere found that cast-iron plows were not working very well, in the tough prairie soil of Illinois and remembered the polished needles.Deere came to the conclusion that a plow made out of highly polished steel and a correctly shaped moldboard (the self-scouring steel plow) would be better able to handle the soil conditions of the prairie, especially its sticky clay.
Until John Deere solved the problem of plowing the sticky soil in the Midwest, farmers were forced to stop frequently to remove soil from the blades. Deere's polished steel plow, with its slick sharp edge, provided a slippery surface that resisted the gummy earth.
Crop Rotation Charles Townshend In crop rotation, the idea was to rotate the planting of four crops – wheat, clover, barley and turnips – every year. Although some crops such as wheat or corn would wear out the soil, planting it after with clover or turnips would restore the fertility of the land.
Robert Bakewell(1725–1795) was an agriculturalist who revolutionized livestock breeding. He was the first to improve animals for meat quality and production. Bakewell was able to breed much more livestock by breeding only animals with certain qualities. Though he often lent good livestock to farmers so they could better their own stock, Bakewell kept elaborate genealogical records of his prized animals and maintained his stock meticulously. Prior to his breeding methods, sheep had been mainly valued for their wool, but Bakewell showed how to breed them also for food quality. His success with sheep was a key factor in the success of the British textile industry and the success of sheep herding in many of Britain's colonies.
Contributions of Liebig • He is considered the "father of the fertilizer industry" for his discovery of nitrogenas an essential plantnutrient. • Also his formulation of the Law of the Minimum which described the effect of individual nutrients on crops.
George Washington CarverWas an American scientist, botanist, educator, and inventor. The exact day and year of his birth are unknown; he is believed to have been born into slavery in Missouri in January 1864.Carver's reputation is based on his research into and promotion of alternative crops to cotton, such as peanuts, soybeans and sweet potatoes which also aided nutrition for farm families. He wanted poor farmers to grow alternative crops both as a source of their own food and as a source of other products to improve their quality of life.
