Industrial Revolution

1. Industrial Revolution 1880-1910

2. Steel Industry William Kelly Henry Bessemer

3. Bessemer Process • Injecting hot air in to molten iron making steel • This created new industries and jobs making the U.S. the top steel producer • R&R, Buildings, Bridges are built with this new product • Price rose significantly because of demand

5. Oil! • Edwin L. Drake drilled the first commercial oil well • He sparked a oil boom in Spindletop, Texas which created companies like Exon Mobil, Gulf Oil, and Texaco • Wildcatters = oil prospectors

6. Rise of Big Business • Late 1800’s Capitalism starts = economic system where private businesses run most industries • Competition determines prices and wages • Laissez-Faire = Companies conduct business without Government intervention

7. Social Darwinism • Businesses adopted the Natural Selection theory of Charles Darwin • Survival of the Fittest • No one should interfere with the process

8. Ways to run a business • Corporation = business owned by stockholders, decisions made by board of directors, corporate officers handle day to day operations • Trust = companies merge stocks turned over to a board, several companies then run like a single corporation, split profits

9. Ways to run a business continued • Monopoly = No Competition in a specific industry • Vertical Integration = Buy companies producing supplies and services you need • Horizontal Integration = buy competing companies in the same industry

10. Robber Barons/ Tycoons • Someone who has total control over the sale and production of a product. • Not looking out for the consumer • Only trying to make as much money as they can

11. John D. Rockefeller • Standard Oil • Used Vertical and Horizontal Integration • 1879 he refined 90% of U.S. oil • Sold his oil for less than others to drive out competition • $900 Million gave half away

14. Andrew Carnegie • Carnegie Steel Company • Used Vertical Integration, bought in bulk, made lost of product • Became a philanthropist • Gave $350 million away

16. J.P. Morgan • U.S. Steel • Bought out Carnegie Steel for $480 Million • Most successful holding company ever.

17. Cornelius Vanderbilt • Invested in R&R during Civil War • Gave $1 million to Central University in Nashville • Became Vanderbilt University

18. George M. Pullman • Pullman, Illinois • Company controlled town • Created the Pullman Sleeping Car

19. Laws • Sherman Anti-Trust Act = illegal to form trusts that interfered with free trade • Stopped monopolies and activities that hindered competition in the marketplace • Government did not enforce

20. Working conditions • No paid vacation • 10 hour work day • No sick leave • No pay of injuries on site

21. Unions form • NLU or National Labor Union starts in 1866 = 1st large scale labor union • Fought for 8hr workday and shorter work week

22. Unions continued • Knights Of Labor = lead by Terence V. Powderly • fought for 8 hr work day, no child labor, equal pay for equal work, no strikes only boycotts • Arbitration = both parties go to a judge to solve dispute

23. Unions continued • American Federation of Labor • Headed by Samuel Gompers • Used strikes • Won wage increase and shorter work week

24. IWW • Wobblies • Created in 1905 • Miners • Believed in General Strikes • William D.”Big Bill” Haywood

25. Railroad Strike of 1877 • Wages Cut • Workers walked off jobs and blocked trains • Mail flow blocked • Army brought in to move trains • $4 million in damages

26. Haymarket Square • Wages cut workers strike • Chicago crowd gather to protest police brutality at previous days work strike. • Police called in again and a bomb is thrown

27. Haymarket continued • 11 killed • 100 injured • Immigrants blamed • Xenophobia= fear of foreigners starts • Eight arrested • No evidence to arrest • 4 hung • 1 commits suicide • 3 get off later

29. Homestead Strike • Union told they would not be renewed • Workers would not work faster and were locked out • Scabs brought in • Workers seized plant • Pinkerton Police brought in • 16 hrs later workers win but are not hired back • H.C. Frick decides who get a job and who does not.

30. Business fight back • All who want a job sign pledge to not join unions • Blacklists = lists of those who were seen as troublemakers and refused to hire

31. New Inventions • 1903 Kitty Hawk, North Carolina • Orville and Wilber Wright fly for 1st time

32. New Inventions • Andrew Smith Hallidie • Mass-transit = public transportations systems that carry large numbers of people. • Steam powered cable car to replace the horse-drawn street car

33. New Inventions • Nikolaus A. Otto • Built 1st combustion engine

34. New Inventions • 1893 Charles and J. Frank Duryea built 1st motorcar in the U.S.

35. New Inventions • Samuel F.B. Morse • Telegraph = sending messages through wires with electricity • Operators used the system of Morse code.

36. New Inventions • Alexander Graham Bell • Invented the “telephone” with the assistance of Thomas Watson

37. New Inventions • Christopher Latham Sholes • Invented the typewriter • Placed keys in the QWERTY pattern

38. New Inventions • Thomas Alva Edison • Created: General Electric or GE. • Electricity helped characterized the 2nd industrial revolution

39. Thomas Edison Continued • 1876 established the worlds first research laboratory in Menlo Park, New Jersey. • Direct Current or DC was the type of electricity he used. • 1880 patented the incandescent light bulb • Phonograph, batteries, telephone transmitter, power stations, helped with motion pictures.

43. New Inventions • George Westinghouse • Invented Air Brakes for railroad cars • Also pushed the use of A.C. current

44. New Inventions • Nikola Tesla • Invented AC Transformers, Motors, and generators.