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Reconstruction

Explore the tumultuous period of Reconstruction in America, including the destructive aftermath of the Civil War and the various attempts at Presidential Reconstruction. Learn about key figures, acts, and events that shaped this pivotal era in U.S. history.

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Reconstruction

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  1. Reconstruction

  2. The Destruction of the War

  3. Presidential Reconstruction • Abraham Lincoln • Wartime acts • Emancipation Proclamation* • War still in doubt • Fugitive slaves • Slaves boost Confed. Cause • Northern morale • Public opinion • France and Britain • Morality

  4. Presidential Reconstruction • Lincoln - 10% Plan* • 10% loyalty oath • Abolish slavery • Northern opposition • Wade-Davis Bill* • 50% Ironclad oath • 13th Amendment

  5. Presidential Reconstruction • Andrew Johnson* • General pardon • Col. M.F. Pleasants* • Voting = state issue • Secession illegal • Repudiate Confed. debt • Abolish slavery

  6. Black Codes* • Why? • Control • Disregard federal govt. • Fear black retaliation • Labor supply • Racism • Examples: • Freedmen no testify vs. whites • Vagrancy laws • Taxes • Whipped • Blacks called “servant”, whites called “master”

  7. Johnson’s declining popularity • Memphis riot* • Disputes with Congress • Freedmen’s Bureau • Civil Rights bill • 14th Amendment • 1866 Civil Rights Act • 1866 14th Amendment • Citizenship for all persons - regardless of race - born or naturalized in US • Forbade states from abridging privileges of citizens • Guaranteed due process of the law • Equal protection of the law • “Swing Around the Circle”*, 1866

  8. Congressional Reconstruction • Radical Republicans • Who were they? • Thaddeus Stevens, PA • Charles Sumner, MA • What were their goals? • Protection of freedmen and supporters • Full citizenship of freedmen • Win conservative support • Some extreme views • Strip Southerners of citizenship • Confiscate land

  9. Congressional Reconstruction • The Stevens Plan* • Federal officials supervise elections • Blacks vote • Whites stripped of citizenship

  10. Congressional Reconstruction • 1867 Congressional Reconstruction Act • 5 military districts • Military make arrests, trials • Military directs constitutions • Not extremely radical

  11. Johnson Impeachment • Impeachment of Johnson • Radical crusade • Failure: • Bring down presidential office • Lack of clear crime • Successor = Ben Wade • Lawyers • Johnson quiet

  12. Reconstruction Laws & Acts • 1870 15th Amendment • Forbade states to deny any citizen the right to vote on grounds of race, color, or previous condition of servitude

  13. Decline of the Radicals • Small in number • Johnson quiet • Radicals divided • Trouble staying in office • Death • U.S. Grant • Scandals: political appointments, favors to businessmen and railroads

  14. New Leadership in the South • Grant presidency • Northern military • Freedmen’s Bureau • Carpetbaggers, scalawags, black politicians • 1870, Union restored • Black politicians • 22 Congressmen • Too few for great impact

  15. Republican Reconstruction • Positive aspects: • Public education • Efficiency of government • Public buildings, roads, manufacturing • Social services (orphanages, hospitals, welfare) • Capital/investment • Political democracy

  16. Republican Reconstruction • Decline 1870s • Other concerns • Corruption, depression • Colfax Massacre • U.S. v. Cruikshank • “Compromise of 1877” • Dem. – Samuel J. Tilden, NY • Rep. – Rutherford B. Hayes, OH • Hayes wins, 185-184 • Republicans withdraw N support • Legacy of Reconstruction • “America’s unfinished revolution”

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