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The Ongoing Evolution of Animal Cloning: History, Techniques, and Ethical Considerations

Animal cloning has witnessed significant developments since its inception, encompassing natural and artificial methods. Reproductive cloning involves techniques like Somatic Cell Nucleus Transfer (SCNT) and has led to the cloning of various species over the years. The impact of reproductive cloning ranges from cloning animals to discussing the controversial concept of cloning humans. Therapeutic cloning, on the other hand, focuses on creating genetically compatible stem cells for medical purposes, offering potentials for disease treatments and organ regeneration. The discussion also delves into the ethical dilemmas surrounding stem cell extraction from cloned embryos and the moral implications associated with cloning practices.

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The Ongoing Evolution of Animal Cloning: History, Techniques, and Ethical Considerations

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  1. The development and impact of animal cloning

  2. What is cloning ? -Natural Cloning Cloning is the process of creating an identical copy of an original. -Artificial Cloning *Reproductive cloning *Therapeutic cloning

  3. Reproductive cloning -Technique -Somatic Cell Nucleus Transfer (SCNT) -procedure of creating exact copy of an original. Procedure -mentioned in Biology notes

  4. Development 1938 Hans Spemann proposed an experiment to transfer one cell's nucleus into an egg without a nucleus (SCNT) 1928 Hans Spemann performs first nuclear transfer experiment. 1952 Tadpole ,cloned by Briggs and King. 1962 Frogs ,cloned by John Gurdon 1963 Carp

  5. 1978 A worldwide debate on cloning ethics 1986 Steen Willadsen cloned cattle 1997 Sheep (Dolly) ,Mice 1998 Lamb (Polly) 1977 Mice ,cloned by Karl Illmensee 2000 Monkey (Tetra), pigs , Asian guar 2001 Cat ,OX , Cattle

  6. 2003 Mule ,Rabbit ,Horse ,Rat 2004 Fruit Flies, Human embryo 2002 Scientists try to clone Thylacine (Tasmanian Tiger) 2005 Dog 2005 Project was stopped Recently , the project has been revived

  7. Impact of reproductive cloning • Cloning animals especially extinct species -Cloning pets Positive : • Infertility • Cloning Human Beings

  8. Discussion Should human beings be cloned ?

  9. -strange anomalies -commercialization and industrialization -unethical experimentation Negative impact : -population -right

  10. Therapeutic cloning Technique -Somatic Cell Nucleus Transfer (SCNT) -procedure for creating stem cells genetically compatible with the patient. Procedure • Developed into blastocyst • Stem cells obtained

  11. Development - The first successful therapeutic cloning was accomplished in 2001- November - Started in 2000 - legal for research purposes in the United Kingdom - In many other countries, the practice is banned

  12. Impact -Research • Reverse heart attacks • Produce organs or tissues Positive impact • Cure diseases e.g Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, diabetes

  13. Example Cause • Loss of Dopamine Parkinson's disease -movement disorder Treatment - Inject Levodopa (L-DOPA )

  14. Discussion Should stem cells in cloned embryo be extracted to cure disease ?

  15. Impact Moral and ethical issues • Immoral to create an embryo solely for research • Harvesting the stem cells kill embryos Negative impact -Origin of ova - Method of obtaining eggs - Mutated stem cells

  16. End

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