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Development, Democratization, and Governance in Asia

Development, Democratization, and Governance in Asia. Measuring Development. GDP per capita https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2004rank.html Gini Coefficient https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2172.html

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Development, Democratization, and Governance in Asia

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  1. Development, Democratization, and Governance in Asia

  2. Measuring Development • GDP per capita https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2004rank.html • Gini Coefficient https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2172.html • Human Development Index http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/HDR_2011_EN_Table2.pdf • Gender Empowerment Measure/Gender Inequality Index http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/HDR_2011_EN_Table4.pdf

  3. The Political Economy of Development • Early assessments of development focused on economics without attention to political concerns • Intranational development has become a focus of present developmental studies • Questions about the relationship between politics and economics have become a central theme of developmental studies

  4. Idioms of Development and Political Legitimacy • Normative concept • Idioms include concept of nation and state favored by the ideology of development • India – Gandhi criticized western idioms of development including industrialization and centralization but the capture of the state bureaucracy led to the pursuit of development through industrialization and centralization • China – Development contest hotly contested with consensus forming around four modernizations and market socialism. Economic growth and material consumption play an important role in the legitimacy of CCP • Japan – Meiji Restoration destroyed Tokugawa Shogunate to bring about development through bureaucracy, formal constitution, zaibatsu, and a strong military – After World War II development strategy focused on reconstruction and political-bureaucratic cooperation

  5. Democracy and Development • Deepak Lal – Democracy can lead to more rent seeking and inefficient uses of resources • Amy Chua – The simultaneous development of markets and democracy can have potentially serious consequences • AmartyaSen – Deprivations of freedom do not help economic growth – democracy can prevent famines

  6. Bhutan’s Gross National Happiness • Development brings goods and bads • Gross National Happiness used as a measure to keep development on track – quality of life, rather than quantity of material goods – sustainable and equitable development – preservation of cultural values – environmental conservation – good governance

  7. World Bank Institute, Governance Indicators 1998 and 2007

  8. Governance • Voice and Accountability – political parties and elections as well as informal dimensions • Civil Society – Voluntary associations not regulated by state or under authority of family – decline of authoritarian monarchy and rise of capitalism – decline of communism – western bias towards separation of state and society – not part of Confucian or Islamic political theory

  9. Environmental Voices Transforming Asian Politics • India – Rajini Kothari – contradictions between idioms of development and interests of the poor – Narmada BachaoAndolan – SardarSarovar Project - Dam project will displace 300,000 Indians – Water Disputes Tribunal 1969 – Construction began 1987 – MedhaPatkar led non-violent protests and hunger strikes against project – project continued and resettlement issues unresolved • China – Three Gorges Dam Project – Dai Qing banned for stirring up problems – millions dislocated by project –NPC 30% did not vote to support project – protest against chemical factory at Xiamen, Fujian Province – Protest against polluting Dongting and Tai Lake – Wu Lihong arrested for protests – Kevin J. O’Brien calls such efforts “rightful resistance” – Use of Communist Party ideology and law as tools for Middle Class resistance • Japan – Corporatism – Sheldon Garon “social management” – soft means of social control – cooperation of business, LDP politicians and state agencies – Society against the Nagara River Estuary Dam Construction – Successful in mobilizing popular support but ultimately failed – local corruption protests linked with international movements

  10. Summary • Development has stimulated multi-faceted complex civil society movements • Citizens are not passive in the face of actions perceived to be harmful to their interests • Elites have tended to succeed in maneuvering successfully against these civil society protests

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