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Class 23: History of 19 th C

Class 23: History of 19 th C. Ann T. Orlando 22 March 2006. Introduction. Napoleon Political History of 19 th C Latin America After Napoleon. Napoleon (1769-1821). Born in Corsica, attends Ecole Militaire in France Napoleon rises rapidly in French military; brilliant strategist

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Class 23: History of 19 th C

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  1. Class 23: History of 19th C Ann T. Orlando 22 March 2006

  2. Introduction • Napoleon • Political History of 19th C • Latin America After Napoleon

  3. Napoleon (1769-1821) • Born in Corsica, attends Ecole Militaire in France • Napoleon rises rapidly in French military; brilliant strategist • Battle of Rivoli against Austrians (1797) • Battle of Pyramids against Muslim army (1798) • In a coup d’etat Napoleon seizes control of France; Napoleon declares himself First Consular (1799) • Battle of Marengo against Austrians (1800) • Napoleon has himself declared Emperor, crowns himself (1804) • Napoleon invades Russia 1812 • Because of military defeats, Napoleon toppled form power, sent into exile; Louis XVIII (brother of Louis XVI) assumes throne • Napoleon returns to France, raises another army, defeated at Waterloo, Belgium by British 1815 • Napoleon sent into exile at St. Helena’s; dies there in 1821

  4. www.dean.usma.edu/HISTORY/web03/atlases/napoleon/napoleon%20pages/napoleon%20map%2070.htmwww.dean.usma.edu/HISTORY/web03/atlases/napoleon/napoleon%20pages/napoleon%20map%2070.htm

  5. Napoleon: Relations with Church • Social: Napoleonic Code • Supports divorce • Catholics opposed to Revolution who had hoped Napoleon would restore ‘Catholic France’, now think only hope for Catholic France is restoration on Monarchy • Concordat of 1801 • Ended schism between clergy who signed Civil Constitution and those who did not • Napoleon named bishops, but Pope ordained them • Clergy paid by state • Reinstated Gallican articles of 1682 • In effect, made Catholicism in France a state Church • Napoleon invaded Papal States in 1808 • Pius VII excommunicated Napoleon; Napoleon takes him captive • Congress of Vienna, 1815, returns control of Papal States to Pope

  6. Effect of Pius VII Stance Against Napoleon • Re-established moral authority of Church, even for non-Catholics • Many people convert to Catholicism • Re-established Jesuits in 1814 • Renewed activity in Jesuit Education (e.g., Georgetown, BC, HC, Fordham) • Renewed appreciation for Catholic intellectual life

  7. Congress of Vienna (1815) • After Battle of Waterloo, victors (England, Austria, Russia, Prussia) gather to try to restore Europe as it was before Napoleon • Prince Klemens von Metternich • The architect of the Congress of Vienna, • His main goal was to support conservative governments in Europe and to establish a Balance of Power; this was to prevent another power dominating Europe as had France.  • The wartime allies against Napoleon: Austria, Britain, Russia, and Prussia signed the Quadruple Alliance, pledging them to uphold the peace settlement by entering into any war on behalf of he other. • Reestablished Papal States under control of Papacy

  8. France After Napoleon • Brief restoration of monarchy • Revolution 1848 • French Republics • Two powerful competing groups of Catholics in France • Ultramontanes want strong Papacy to help rebuild French unity and culture; return to throne and altar • Liberals want some aspects of pre-revolutionary French philosophes incorporated into Catholicism; individual freedom, democracy

  9. England 17th – 19th C • George I Hanover • George III reigns 1760-1820 • American Revolution • Queen Victoria 1837-1901 • During her reign Parliament becomes increasingly important relative to monarchy • By end of reign monarchy is head of State, not head of Government • England becomes dominant world power • “The sun never sets on the British crown”

  10. Holy Roman Empire • Napoleon ends Hapsburg line of Holy Roman Emperors in Spain and Austria; conquers all of Germany • After defeat of Napoleon, Congress of Vienna, 1815, • Creation of German Confederation, semi-autonomous states • Revolution of 1848 • Rise of Bismarck and strong (anti-Catholic) national German government 1859 • King as figure head

  11. Italy • 17th and 18th C various Italian States split between Austria (north) and Spain (south), except for Papal States • 19th C Napoleon conquered all of Italy; after Napoleon political turmoil; Congress of Vienna, 1815, restores Papal States • Revolution of 1848 starts process of Italian unification • King Victor Emmanuel and Garibaldi as political leader 1861 • Forcible annexation of Papal States in 1870 completes unification

  12. Late 18th C Latin America Classes • Peninsulares: those sent to rule by Kings of Spain or Portugal • High level Ecclesial and Civil authorities • Usually did not remain in Latin America; post stepping stoen to higher office in ‘old’ world • Criollos: descendants of earlier Spanish or Portuguese settlers; • Wealthy landowners • In conflict with Peninsulares over governance • Mid-level clergy • Mestizo: mixed Spanish/Portuguese and Indian • Lower-level clergy • Indians

  13. Political Effect of Napoleon on Latin America • In 1808 Napoleon deposed King Ferdinand VII of Spain • Napoleon replaced Ferdinand with his brother, Joseph • Decreed that Spanish colonies must obey Joseph • Effect was to disrupted authority of Peninsulares; • Allowed Criollos to establish their own governments • When Ferdinand returned to throne by Congress of Vienna, Criollos refuse to relinquish power • River Platte (Argentina, Paraguay, Uruguay) 1816 • Chile 1818; • Greater Columbia (Columbia, Venezuela, Panama, Equator) 1826 • Brazil 1821

  14. Mexico • Fr. Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla created an army of Indians and mestizos, 1810 • Captured and executed • Succeeded by another priest, Jose Maria Molelos • Established principle of alliance of lower clergy and classes against upper classes • Most priests (lower clergy) supported revolution; most bishops did not

  15. Complex relationship between Rome and Latin American Churches • Everyone called themselves a Catholic • Many early Latin American constitutions affirm Catholicism as the state religion • Higher social status, more allied with old world; especially true of bishops • After revolutions, especially in Mexico, some propose national Catholic churches • Tensions from two groups with Church hierarchy • Liberals, who wanted to follow economic and political models associated with US • Lower clergy who increasingly saw the Church hierarchy as being out of touch with vast majority of people • Historical backdrop to Liberation Theology

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